Loading...
HomeMy WebLinkAboutCAO-11-003 - FCM Partnership - TanzaniaREPORT TO:Mayor Carl Zehr and Members of Council DATE OF MEETING: March 7, 2011 SUBMITTED BY: Carla Ladd, CAO PREPARED BY: Carla Ladd, CAO WARD(S) INVOLVED: n/a DATE OF REPORT: March 2, 2011 REPORT NO.: CAO-11-03 SUBJECT: FCM INTERNATIONAL PARTNERSHIP - Urban Council of Morogoro, Tanzania RECOMMENDATION: That the development of a formal partnership between the City of Kitchener and Morogoro, Tanzania as part of the FCM MPED (Municipal Partners for Economic Development) program to commence in April, 2011 and continue until 2015, be approved; and further, That the details of the FCM MPED partnership with Morogoro, Tanzania shall be outlined in a formal Protocol Agreement to be submitted to Council. BACKGROUND: The City of Kitchener has been active in the International program stream of FCM since the late 1990’s. The City’s involvement has included program participation in Namibia, Philippines, Ghana, Indonesia and Sri Lanka. In 2010, FCM revamped their MPP (Municipal Partnership Program) to provide a stronger focus on specific program areas, in this case local economic development. The City of Kitchener has been invited to participate in the MPED program to support the advancement of sustainable economic development in the Urban Council of Morogoro, Tanzania. REPORT: The City of Kitchener, through the participation of both Council and staff, have been extremely supportive and active in FCM’s International programs believing that by offering technical and professional support to developing cities around the world, we can help build capacity in municipal governments and support an improved quality of life for residents. In the past, staff and Council have assisted in areas such as municipal planning, information technology, economic development, strategic planning, human resource policy development and training, financial system development and many, many others. In 2009-2010, FCM held a number workshops and meetings with partner municipalities across Canada to debrief on the concluding three year MPP program and discuss the international ê ó ï partnership program going forward. Two significant changes were made as a result of these discussions. The first was that the program needed to be more focused in order to ensure that program scope was manageable and program goals realistic. The second was the program length should be expanded to five years to allow for more implementation of programs rather than having the partnership and ongoing support end before program implementation could begin. As a result, the program has been renamed MPED (Municipal Partners for Economic Development) and its specific purpose has become one of supporting local governments in developing countries to ‘enable them to provide more effective services that advance sustainable and equitable local economic development’. Please see the attached detailed program description from FCM. In January of 2011, Rod Regier, Executive Director of Economic Development was asked by FCM to accompany them to Tanzania on an exploratory mission to determine if there was a viable local economic development program that could be included in the MPED program. As a result of that mission, Tanzania has now been included in the program and the City of Kitchener has been invited to partner with the Urban Council of Morogoro and CRD (Capital Regional District, B.C.) have been invited to partner with the related rural communities. This partnership would be a unique combination of two Canadian municipalities and two several Tanzanian municipalities in a collaborative program. Although the program details have not yet been finalized, the proposed approach would be to have Kitchener work with the City of Morogoro (a city of approximately 250,000) while the CRD would work with the rural communities around Morogoro. Morogoro is a unified region in which the city serves the classical central place for a large hinterland. The objective would be to develop an economic development strategy that would focus on growing viable economic clusters and developing a strong trade corridor between Morogoro and its rural communities with Dar es Salem, a large coastal city in Tanzania. Participation in the program may not be limited to City Council members and staff since FCM is allowing and encouraging the involvement of relevant and appropriate community members with expertise in the program areas once they are determined. Possible participants in this regard may include individuals from the Universities and business community. The final details of the proposed partnership are subject to the development of a formal protocol between the Canadian and Tanzania municipalities. Once developed, this protocol is presented to each municipal council for support and formalized signing by the Mayors. FINANCIAL IMPLICATIONS: Funding for the program is provided by FCM/CIDA which covers all direct costs related to travel, accommodation and living expenses. Support from the City is provided by way of providing staff time. ACKNOWLEDGED BY: Carla Ladd, CAO ê ó î ö×Ø×ÊÛÈÓÍÎÍÖùÛÎÛØÓÛÎïÇÎÓÙÓÌÛÐÓÈÓ×É öùï óÎÈ×ÊÎÛÈÓÍÎÛÐ ïÇÎÓÙÓÌÛÐìÛÊÈÎ×ÊÉÖÍÊïì÷øìÊÓÍÊÓÈÃûÊ×ÛÉ ÷ÙÍÎÍÏÓÙø×Æ×ÐÍÌÏ×ÎÈïì÷ø ̱ ¿½¸·»ª» ¬¸»­» ®»­«´¬­ô ÓÐÛÜ ©·´´ ½±²½»²¬®¿¬» ·¬­ ̸» ²»© º·ª»ó§»¿® øîðïðóïë÷ ÓÐÛÜ ©·´´ º±½«­ ±² ­«°°±®¬ó ¿­­·­¬¿²½» ·² ²·²» °®·±®·¬§ ·²¹ ­«­¬¿·²¿¾´» ¿²¼ »¯«·¬¿¾´» »½±²±³·½ ¼»ª»´±°³»²¬ ·² ¿®»¿­ô ®»¹®±«°»¼ ·² ¬¸®»» °®±ó ­»´»½¬»¼ ¼»ª»´±°·²¹ ½±«²¬®·»­ ·² ߺ®·½¿ô ß­·¿ ¿²¼ ¬¸» ¹®¿³³·²¹ ½±³°±²»²¬­æ ß³»®·½¿­ò ׬­ ­°»½·º·½ °«®°±­» ©·´´ ¾» ¬± ­«°°±®¬ ´±½¿´ ¹±ªó »®²³»²¬­ ¿²¼ ´±½¿´ ¹±ª»®²³»²¬ ¿­­±½·¿¬·±²­ øÔÙß­÷ ·² Ô±½¿´ Ù±ª»®²¿²½» ¿²¼ Í»®ª·½»­ ·² Ê·»¬²¿³ô Ý¿³¾±¼·¿ô Ó¿´·ô Þ«®µ·²¿ Ú¿­±ô Ì¿²¦¿²·¿ô Û½±²±³·½ Ü»ª»´±°³»²¬æ Ò·½¿®¿¹«¿ ¿²¼ Þ±´·ª·¿ ¬± »²¿¾´» ¬¸»³ ¬± °®±ª·¼» ³±®» ï÷ ´±½¿´ »½±²±³·½ ¹±ª»®²¿²½»ô ·²½´«¼ó »ºº»½¬·ª» ­»®ª·½»­ ¬¸¿¬ ¿¼ª¿²½» ­«­¬¿·²¿¾´» ¿²¼ »¯«·ó ·²¹ °±´·¬·½¿´ ´»¿¼»®­¸·° ø©±³»² ¿²¼ ¬¿¾´» ´±½¿´ »½±²±³·½ ¼»ª»´±°³»²¬ò ÓÐÛÜ ©·´´ ¿´­± ­«°ó §±«¬¸ ´»¿¼»®­÷ô ¾«­·²»­­ ¼»ª»´±°³»²¬ ¿¼ª±ó °±®¬ ¬¸» »²¹¿¹»³»²¬ ±º °®±¹®¿³ °¿®¬²»®­ ·² ®»¹·±²¿´ ½¿½§ô ´±½¿´ »½±²±³·½ ¼»ª»´±°³»²¬ °´¿²²·²¹ô ¿²¼ ¾«­·ó µ²±©´»¼¹» ­¸¿®·²¹ô ¿²¼ ·² ¹´±¾¿´ °±´·½§ ¼»ª»´±°³»²¬ ¿²¼ ²»­­ ¿²¼ ½±³³«²·¬§ »²¹¿¹»³»²¬å î÷ Ó«²·½·°¿´ ­»®ª·½»­ °®±¹®¿³ ½±±®¼·²¿¬·±²ò ̸» ½®±­­½«¬¬·²¹ ¬¸»³»­ ±º ¬¸» ¬± ´±½¿´ ¾«­·²»­­»­å í÷ 못²«» ¹»²»®¿¬·±² ¿²¼ ¿½½»­­ ¬± °®±¹®¿³ ©·´´ ¾» »²ª·®±²³»²¬¿´ ­«­¬¿·²¿¾·´·¬§ ¿²¼ »¯«¿´·¬§ º«²¼·²¹ ·² ­«°°±®¬ ±º »½±²±³·½ ¼»ª»´±°³»²¬å ¾»¬©»»² ©±³»² ¿²¼ ³»²ò Ò¿¬·±²¿´ Û²¿¾´·²¹ Û²ª·®±²³»²¬­æ ÷ÄÌ×ÙÈ×ØíÇÈÙÍÏ×ÉÍÖïì÷ø ì÷ Ô»¿¼»®­¸·° ¿²¼ ¹±ª»®²¿²½» ­¬®«½¬«®»­ ±º ´±½¿´ ¹±ª»®²ó ³»²¬ ¿­­±½·¿¬·±²­å ë÷ Ò¿¬·±²¿´ °±´·½§ ¼»ª»´±°³»²¬ ¿²¼ ̸» »¨°»½¬»¼ Ë´¬·³¿¬» Ñ«¬½±³» ±º ÓÐÛÜ ·­ ·³°®±ª»¼ ·²¬»®¹±ª»®²³»²¬¿´ ®»´¿¬·±²­ ±² »½±²±³·½ ¼»ª»´±°ó³»²¬å ´±½¿´ »½±²±³·½ ½±²¼·¬·±²­ ·² ­»´»½¬»¼ ¼»ª»´±°·²¹ ½±«²ó ê÷ Ò¿¬·±²¿´ µ²±©´»¼¹»ó¼·­­»³·²¿¬·±²ô ®»°´·½¿¬·±² ¿²¼ ¬®·»­ ·² ߺ®·½¿ô ß­·¿ ¿²¼ ¬¸» ß³»®·½¿­ò ̸» ¬¸®»» »¨°»½¬»¼ ¬®¿·²·²¹ ­»®ª·½»­ ±² »½±²±³·½ ¼»ª»´±°³»²¬å ײ¬»®³»¼·¿¬» Ñ«¬½±³»­ ¿®»æ λ¹·±²¿´ ¿²¼ Ó«´¬·´¿¬»®¿´ Û²¿¾´·²¹ Û²ª·®±²³»²¬æ ïò Ûºº»½¬·ª» ´±½¿´ ¹±ª»®²¿²½» ¿²¼ ²»© ­»®ª·½»­ º±® ­«­ó é÷ λ¹·±²¿´ µ²±©´»¼¹» ­¸¿®·²¹ ¿²¼ ²»¬©±®µ·²¹ ±² ´±½¿´ ¬¿·²¿¾´» ¿²¼ ¹»²¼»® »¯«·¬¿¾´» »½±²±³·½ ¼»ª»´±°³»²¬ ¹±ª»®²¿²½» ¿²¼ »½±²±³·½ ¼»ª»´±°³»²¬å è÷ Ù´±¾¿´ °±´·½§ ¿®» ³±¼»´»¼ ·² ­»ª»² øé÷ ¼»ª»´±°·²¹ ½±«²¬®·»­ ·² ß­·¿ô ¼»ª»´±°³»²¬ ¿²¼ ·³°´»³»²¬¿¬·±²å ¿²¼ô ç÷ Ю±¹®¿³ ½±±®ó ߺ®·½¿ ¿²¼ ¬¸» ß³»®·½¿­ò ¼·²¿¬·±²ô ·²º±®³¿¬·±² ­¸¿®·²¹ ¿²¼ ½±³³«²·½¿¬·±²­ñ°«¾ó ´·½ ¿©¿®»²»­­ò îò Ò¿¬·±²¿´ »²¿¾´·²¹ »²ª·®±²³»²¬­ º±® ¹±±¼ ´±½¿´ ¹±ª»®ó ²¿²½» ¿²¼ ­«­¬¿·²¿¾´» ¿²¼ ¹»²¼»® »¯«·¬¿¾´» »½±²±³·½ î×ÅìÊÍÕÊÛÏö×ÛÈÇÊ×É ¼»ª»´±°³»²¬ ¿®» ­¬®»²¹¬¸»²»¼ ·² ­»ª»² øé÷ ½±«²¬®·»­ ·² ß­·¿ô ߺ®·½¿ ¿²¼ ¬¸» ß³»®·½¿­ò ÓÐÛÜ ¾«·´¼­ ±² ¬¸» º±«²¼¿¬·±² »­¬¿¾´·­¸»¼ ¾§ °®»ª·±«­ °®±¹®¿³­ ¾«¬ ·²½´«¼»­ µ»§ ²»© º»¿¬«®»­æ íò ÚÝÓ ¿²¼ ·¬­ ÔÙß °¿®¬²»®­ º®±³ é ½±«²¬®·»­ ·² ß­·¿ô ߺ®·½¿ ¿²¼ ¬¸» ß³»®·½¿­ ½±²¬®·¾«¬» ¬± ³¿µ·²¹ ®»¹·±²¿´ ? ß ²»© ¬¸»³¿¬·½ º±½«­ò ÓÐÛÜ ©·´´ º±½«­ ±² ­«­¬¿·²¿¾´» ¿²¼ ¹´±¾¿´ ´±½¿´ ¹±ª»®²³»²¬ ²»¬©±®µ­ ³±®» ¿·¼ó»ºº»½ó ¿²¼ »¯«·¬¿¾´» »½±²±³·½ ¼»ª»´±°³»²¬ò ̸» ²»© °®±¹®¿³ ¬·ª»ô ¿²¼ ­«­¬¿·²¿¾´» ·² ­«°°±®¬ ±º ¹±±¼ ´±½¿´ ¹±ª»®ó ©·´´ ¬¿®¹»¬ ´±½¿´ ¹±ª»®²³»²¬ ½¿°¿½·¬·»­ ¬¸¿¬ ©·´´ ¸»´° ²¿²½» ¿²¼ ­«­¬¿·²¿¾´» ¿²¼ ¹»²¼»® »¯«·¬¿¾´» »½±²±³·½ ¿½¸·»ª» ¾»¬¬»® ´±½¿´ »½±²±³·½ ¼»ª»´±°³»²¬ ·² »¿½¸ ±º ¬¸» ¼»ª»´±°³»²¬ò ½±«²¬®·»­ ±º º±½«­ò Û½±²±³·½ ¼»ª»´±°³»²¬ ©·´´ ¾» ¬¸» µ»§ ¹±¿´ô ¿²¼ ©·´´ ½«¬ ¿½®±­­ ¿´´ ½±³°±²»²¬­ ±º ¬¸» °®±¹®¿³ ÓÐÛÜ ©·´´ ½±²¬®·¾«¬» ¬± ¬¸» ¿½¸·»ª»³»²¬ ±º ±²» ±º ¬¸» º®±³ ´±½¿´ó´»ª»´ ©±®µ ¬± ²¿¬·±²¿´ô ®»¹·±²¿´ ¿²¼ ¹´±¾¿´ °®±ó Ý¿²¿¼·¿² ײ¬»®²¿¬·±²¿´ Ü»ª»´±°³»²¬ ß¹»²½§ù­ øÝ×Üß÷ ¹®¿³ ¿½¬·ª·¬·»­ò ¬¸®»» ²»© ½±®°±®¿¬» °®·±®·¬·»­æ ­«­¬¿·²¿¾´» »½±²±³·½ ¹®±©¬¸ò ÓÐÛÜ ©·´´ ¿´­± ½±²¬®·¾«¬» ¬± ¬¸» ¿½¸·»ª»³»²¬ ±º ? ß ®»¼«½»¼ ²«³¾»® ±º ½±«²¬®·»­ò ÓÐÛÜ ©·´´ ®»³¿·² º±«® ±º ¬¸» Ó·´´»²²·«³ Ü»ª»´±°³»²¬ Ù±¿´­ øïô íô é ¿²¼ è÷ ¿½¬·ª» ·² ß­·¿ô ߺ®·½¿ ¿²¼ ¬¸» ß³»®·½¿­ò ر©»ª»®ô ·¬ ©·´´ ¾§ ©±®µ·²¹ ¬± »®¿¼·½¿¬» »¨¬®»³» °±ª»®¬§ ¿²¼ ¸«²¹»®ô °®±ó °®±ª·¼» ¿­­·­¬¿²½» ¬± ´±½¿´ ¹±ª»®²³»²¬­ ¿²¼ ÔÙß­ ·² ³±¬» ¹»²¼»®ô »²­«®» »²ª·®±²³»²¬¿´ ­«­¬¿·²¿¾·´·¬§ô ¿²¼ ­»ª»² ½±«²¬®·»­ ±º º±½«­å ¬¸·­ ·­ ¿ ®»¼«½¬·±² ·² ¬¸» ²«³ó ¼»ª»´±° ¿ ¹´±¾¿´ °¿®¬²»®­¸·° º±® ¼»ª»´±°³»²¬ò ¾»® ±º º±½«­ ½±«²¬®·»­ ø¬¸»®» ©»®» »´»ª»² ·² ¬¸» ½±®» ê ó í íÇÊÏÓÉÉÓÍÎÓÉÈÍØ×Æ×ÐÍÌÛÎØ×ÏÌÍÅ×ÊÏÇÎÓÙÓÌÛÐÕÍÆ×ÊÎÏ×ÎÈÉÅÍÊÐØÅÓØ× ÈÍÓÏÌÊÍÆ×ÈÔ×ËÇÛÐÓÈÃÍÖÐÓÖ×ÛÎØÈÔ×ÉÇÉÈÛÓÎÛÚÓÐÓÈÃÍÖÐÍÙÛÐÙÍÏÏÇÎÓÈÓ×É °®±¹®¿³ ó ¬¸» îððéóîðïð ﮬ²»®­¸·° Ю±¹®¿³÷ò ̸·­ ©·´´¾» °®±ª·¼»¼ ¬± ´±½¿´ °¿®¬²»®­ ¬± °«®½¸¿­» ¬¸» »¯«·°³»²¬ »²´¿®¹» ¬¸» ®»­±«®½»­ ¿ª¿·´¿¾´» ·² »¿½¸ ½±«²¬®§ º±® ´±½¿´²»½»­­¿®§ ¬± ­«°°±®¬ ¬¸» ¬»½¸²·½¿´ ¿­­·­¬¿²½» °®±ª·¼»¼ò ¿²¼ ²¿¬·±²¿´ ´»ª»´­ °®±¶»½¬­å °®±¼«½» ¸·¹¸»®ó·³°¿½¬ ? ͬ®±²¹ ´·²µ­ ¾»¬©»»² ¬¸» ´±½¿´ô ²¿¬·±²¿´ô ®»¹·±²¿´ ¿²¼ ®»­«´¬­å ¿²¼ ®»­°±²¼ ¬± ¬¸» Ù±ª»®²³»²¬ ±º Ý¿²¿¼¿ù­ ²»© ¹´±¾¿´ ½±³°±²»²¬­ ±º ¬¸» °®±¹®¿³ò ±®·»²¬¿¬·±²­ô ©¸·½¸ ½¿´´ º±® ¿ ¹®»¿¬»® ¹»±¹®¿°¸·½ ½±²½»²ó̱ ®»·²º±®½» ´±½¿´ó ¬®¿¬·±² ±º ·¬­ ±ºº·½·¿´ ¼»ª»´±°³»²¬ ¿­­·­¬¿²½»ò ´»ª»´ ®»­«´¬­ô ·¬ ·­ ²»½»­­¿®§ ¬± »²­«®» ¬¸¿¬ ²¿¬·±²¿´ ´»¹·­ó ´¿¬·±²ô ®»¹«´¿¬·±²­ ¿²¼ °±´·½·»­ ¿®» ­«°°±®¬·ª» ±º ·²½®»¿­ó ? ͬ®±²¹»® ­»½¬±®ó©·¼» ®»­«´¬­ò ÓÐÛÜ ©·´´ °«¬ ¹®»¿¬»® ·²¹ ¬¸» ´±½¿´ ¹±ª»®²³»²¬ ®±´» ·² »½±²±³·½ ¼»ª»´±°³»²¬ò »³°¸¿­·­ ±² ¿½¸·»ª·²¹ ®»­«´¬­ ¬¸¿¬ ¸¿ª» ¿ ©·¼»® ¾»²»º·¬ ̸·­ ®»¯«·®»­ ­«°°±®¬ ¬± ÔÙß­ ¬± ·²½®»¿­» ¬¸»·® ½¿°¿½·¬·»­ º±® ¬¸» ³«²·½·°¿´ ­»½¬±® ·² ¬¸» ¿®»¿­ ±º »½±²±³·½ ¼»ª»´ó º±® °±´·½§ ¼»ª»´±°³»²¬ ¿²¼ °±´·¬·½¿´ ®»°®»­»²¬¿¬·±²ò ß­ ±°³»²¬ò Ó±®» ®»­±«®½»­ ©·´´ ¾» °®±ª·¼»¼ ¬± ²¿¬·±²¿´ ÔÙß­ ÓÐÛÜ ©·´´ ±°»®¿¬» ·² ­»ª»®¿´ ½±«²¬®·»­ ¿½®±­­ ¬¸®»» ¬±æ øï÷ ­«°°±®¬ ¬¸»·® »ºº±®¬­ ¬±©¿®¼ ©±®µ·²¹ ©·¬¸ ½»²¬®¿´ ®»¹·±²­ô ³±¼»´­ ¼»ª»´±°»¼ ·² º±½«­ ½±«²¬®·»­ ©·´´ ¾» ¹±ª»®²³»²¬­ ¬± ·²º´«»²½» ²¿¬·±²¿´ °±´·½§ô ¿²¼ ´»¹·­´¿¬·ª» »²®·½¸»¼ ¬¸®±«¹¸ ­¸¿®·²¹ ·² ®»¹·±²¿´ ¿²¼ ¹´±¾¿´ ²»¬ ©±®µ­ ½¸¿²¹» ¿²¼ ·³°´»³»²¬¿¬·±²å ¿²¼ô øî÷ ¬± ¸»´° ¬¸»³ °«¬ ·² ±º ³«²·½·°¿´ ¹±ª»®²³»²¬ò ײ ¿¼¼·¬·±²ô ÓÐÛÜ °¿®¬²»®­ ©·´´ °´¿½» ¬®¿·²·²¹ ¿²¼ µ²±©´»¼¹»ó­¸¿®·²¹ °®±¹®¿³­ ±² ­«­ó ¾»²»º·¬ º®±³ °¿®¬·½·°¿¬·²¹ ·² ¹´±¾¿´ ²»¬©±®µ­ ø˲·¬»¼ ¬¿·²¿¾´» ¿²¼ »¯«·¬¿¾´» »½±²±³·½ ¼»ª»´±°³»²¬ ¬± ¾»²»º·¬ Ý·¬·»­ ¿²¼ Ô±½¿´ Ù±ª»®²³»²¬ øËÝÔÙ÷ô ±³³±²©»¿´¬¸ Ô±½¿´ ¿ ¹®»¿¬»® ²«³¾»® ±º ´±½¿´ ¹±ª»®²³»²¬­ ·² ¬¸» ½±«²¬®§ò Ù±ª»®²³»²¬ Ú±®«³ øÝÔÙÚ÷ ¿²¼ ß­­±½·¿¬·±² ·²¬»®²¿¬·±²¿´» ¼»­ ³¿·®»­ º®¿²½±°¸±²»­ øß×ÓÚ÷÷ ¬± ½±ó¼»ª»´±° °±´·½·»­ ? Ó±®» ­¬®¿¬»¹·½ ´±½¿´ó´»ª»´ °®±¶»½¬­ò ÓÐÛÜ ©·´´ ½±²½»²ó ±º ®»´»ª¿²½» ¬± ¬¸» °®±¹®¿³ ø»ò¹ò ±² »½±²±³·½ ¼»ª»´±°ó ¬®¿¬» ³±®» ®»­±«®½»­ ·² ·¬­ ´±½¿´ó´»ª»´ °®±¶»½¬­ ·² ±®¼»® ¬± ³»²¬ô ¼»ª»´±°³»²¬ ½±±°»®¿¬·±²ô »¬½ò÷ ¿²¼ ¬± ¶±·² ·² °±´·½§ »²­«®» ­«­¬¿·²¿¾·´·¬§ ¿²¼ ¬± ¹»²»®¿¬» ³±¼»´­ò ̸» ´±½¿´ ¼·¿´±¹«» »ºº±®¬­ ©·¬¸ ³«´¬·´¿¬»®¿´ ·²­¬·¬«¬·±²­ ­«½¸ ¿­ ¬¸» °®±¶»½¬­ ©·´´ ¾» ù¼»³±²­¬®¿¬·±² °®±¶»½¬­ùô ©·¬¸ ¬¸» ¹±¿´ ¬± Ñ®¹¿²·­¿¬·±² º±® Û½±²±³·½ ݱ󱰻®¿¬·±² ¿²¼ ¼»ª»´±° ²»©ô ·²½´«­·ª» °®¿½¬·½»­ ±® ³±¼»´­ º±® ¹±±¼ Ü»ª»´±°³»²¬ øÑÛÝÜ÷ù­ ɱ®µ·²¹ ﮬ§ ±² ß·¼ ³«²·½·°¿´ ³¿²¿¹»³»²¬ ¿²¼ ­»®ª·½»­ ·² ¬¸» ¿®»¿­ ±º »½±ó Ûºº»½¬·ª»²»­­ô ËÒ Ø¿¾·¬¿¬ô ¿²¼ ¬¸» ɱ®´¼ Þ¿²µù­ Ý·¬·»­ ²±³·½ ¼»ª»´±°³»²¬ ¬¸¿¬ ¼·®»½¬´§ ®»­°±²¼ ¬± ­»½¬±®ó©·¼» ß´´·¿²½»ò ³«²·½·°¿´ ½¸¿´´»²¹»­ ·² »¿½¸ º±½«­ ½±«²¬®§ò Ô±½¿´ °®±¶ó »½¬­ ©·´´ ­»®ª» ¬¸» ÔÙß ¾§ °®±ª·¼·²¹ ¼¿¬¿ ¿²¼ ®¿¬·±²¿´» º±® ìÊÍÕÊÛÏïÛÎÛÕ×Ï×ÎÈ ¿ ¾»¬¬»® ¼·¿´±¹«» ©·¬¸ ·¬­ ²¿¬·±²¿´ ¹±ª»®²³»²¬ ±² °±´·½§ ¿²¼ ´»¹·­´¿¬·ª» ½¸¿²¹»­ô ±® ¾§ °±·²¬·²¹ ¬± ¾»­¬°®¿½¬·½»­ ÓÐÛÜ ©·´´ ¾» ½±ó³¿²¿¹»¼ ¾§ ÚÝÓ ¿²¼ ¬¸» ­»ª»² ²¿¬·±²ó ¬± ¾» ¼·­­»³·²¿¬»¼ ¿²¼ ®»°´·½¿¬»¼ ¾§ ±¬¸»® ´±½¿´ ¹±ªó ¿´ ÔÙß­ ±º ¬¸» ½±«²¬®·»­ ±º º±½«­ò ̸» ¼»´·ª»®§ ±º ¬»½¸²·ó »®²³»²¬­ ·² ¬¸» ½±«²¬®§ò ½¿´ ¿­­·­¬¿²½» ¾§ Ý¿²¿¼·¿² ³«²·½·°¿´ °®¿½¬·¬·±²»®­ ©·´´ ®»³¿·² ¿¬ ¬¸» ½±®» ±º ¬¸» ²»© °®±¹®¿³ ³»¬¸±¼±´±¹§å ¸±©ó ? Ò»© ³±¼»´­ º±® ¬¸» ¼»´·ª»®§ ±º ¬»½¸²·½¿´ ¿­­·­¬¿²½»ò »ª»®ô ·¬ ©·´´ ¾» ½±³°´»³»²¬»¼ ©·¬¸ ¹®»¿¬»® ­«°°±®¬ º®±³ ̸» ¼»´·ª»®§ ±º ¬»½¸²·½¿´ ¿­­·­¬¿²½» ¾§ Ý¿²¿¼·¿² ³«²·½·ó ´±½¿´ ®»­±«®½» °®±ª·¼»®­ ¿²¼ ­³¿´´ ½¿°·¬¿´ º«²¼·²¹ò °¿´ °®¿½¬·¬·±²»®­ ©·´´ ®»³¿·² ¿¬ ¬¸» ½±®» ±º ÓÐÛÜ ³»¬¸±¼ó ±´±¹§å ¸±©»ª»®ô ²»© ³±¼»´­ º±® »²¹¿¹·²¹ Ý¿²¿¼·¿² ̸» ¬±¬¿´ ¾«¼¹»¬ ±º ÓÐÛÜ ·­ üîìôîððôðððò üïèôìððôðð𠳫²·½·°¿´·¬·»­ ¿²¼ ±ª»®­»¿­ ´±½¿´ ®»­±«®½» °®±ª·¼»®­ ©·´´ ®»°®»­»²¬­ ¬¸» »¨°»½¬»¼ ½±²¬®·¾«¬·±² ±º Ý×Üß øéëû÷ ¿²¼ ¿´­± ¾» «­»¼ ¬± ·³°´»³»²¬ ´±½¿´ ¼»³±²­¬®¿¬·±² °®±¶»½¬­ò üëôéêêôðð𠬸» ·²óµ·²¼ ½±²¬®·¾«¬·±² øîëû÷ ±º ÚÝÓ ¿²¼ ·¬­ ˲¼»® ¬¸» ²»© °®±¹®¿³ô ´±½¿´ó´»ª»´ °®±¶»½¬­ ©·´´ ¾» ³±®» °¿®¬²»®­ò ½±³°´»¨ ¿²¼ ´¿®¹»® ·² ­½±°» ¿²¼ ¾«¼¹»¬ ¬¸¿² ¬¸» ¬®¿¼·ó ¬·±²¿´ ±²»ó±²ó±²» ³«²·½·°¿´ °¿®¬²»®­¸·°­ò ̸»§ ©·´´ ¾» ·³°´»³»²¬»¼ ©·¬¸ ¿ ©·¼»® ­°»½¬®«³ ±º ¬»½¸²·½¿´ ¿­­·­ó ¬¿²½» º®±³ ª¿®·±«­ ³«²·½·°¿´·¬·»­ ·² Ý¿²¿¼¿ô ¿²¼ ©·¬¸ ±²¹±·²¹ ­«°°±®¬ º®±³ ´±½¿´ ®»­±«®½» °®±ª·¼»®­ô ©¸±­» ½¿°¿½·¬§ ©·´´ ¾» ­¬®»²¹¬¸»²»¼ ¬¸®±«¹¸ ¬¸·­ ½±´´¿¾±®¿¬·±²ò ̸» ½«®®»²¬ ³«²·½·°¿´ °¿®¬²»®­¸·° ³±¼»´ ©·´´ ¬¸»®»º±®» »ª±´ª» ¬± ·²½´«¼» ·²¼·ª·¼«¿´­ º®±³ ­»ª»®¿´ Ý¿²¿¼·¿² ³«²·½·°¿´·¬·»­ °´«­ ±ª»®­»¿­ »¨°»®¬­ ©±®µ·²¹ ¬±¹»¬¸»® ¿­ ¬»¿³­ ·² ¿ ­·²¹´» °®±¶»½¬ò ͳ¿´´ ½¿°·¬¿´ º«²¼·²¹ ©·´´ ¿´­± ê ó ì