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HomeMy WebLinkAboutSHCAC - CPC - Changing Perceptions 2011 Waterloo Region Area SurveyúÕÜÏÖÔÏÖíØËÚØÍÉÔÎÏÊ 2011 Waterloo Region Area Survey ì ó ï Changing Perceptions: 2011 Waterloo Region Area Survey Anthony Piscitelli Supervisor Planning & Research, Waterloo Region Crime Prevention Council With Support from: The University of Waterloo Survey Research Centre Christiane Sadeler Executive Director,Waterloo Region Crime Prevention Council Michael Voisin Student Researcher, Waterloo Region Crime Prevention Council Nadine Bengert Bachelor of Social Work Student, University of Waterloo AGORE Committee The Advisory Group on Research & Evaluation of WRCPC Published by the Waterloo Region Crime Prevention Council. October 2011 All rights reserved. The content of this publication may be reproduced, in whole or in part, and by any means, without further permission from Statistics Canada, subject to the following conditions: that it be done solely for the purposes of private study, research, criticism, review or newspaper summary, and/or for non-commercial purposes; and that Waterloo Region Crime Prevention Council be fully acknowledged. Accessible formats available upon request. Region of Waterloo Document Number 1017716 For more information please contact Anthony Piscitelli at apiscitelli@regionofwaterloo.ca ì ó î  Table of Contents Executive Summary ..................................................................................................................... 4 Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 6 Methodology .................................................................................................................................. 8 Results & Discussion ................................................................................................................. 10 Conclusions ................................................................................................................................. 29 Appendix A: Selected 2011 Waterloo Region Area Survey Questions ............................. 31 Appendix B: Survey Sampling Issues ..................................................................................... 32 Appendix C: 2011 Waterloo Region Area Survey Results .................................................. 33 References .................................................................................................................................. 44 ì ó í Executive Summary  In a 2009 report, the Waterloo Region Crime Prevention Council made a commitment to monitor fear of crime within Waterloo Region on an on-going basis. This report is the first follow up to that initial report. This report compares previous data examining fear of crime with results from 2011 Waterloo Region Area Survey the. The results of this survey show a general reduction in perceptions of crime within Waterloo Region. This was primarily assessed using two survey questions: During the last five years, do you think that crime in Waterloo Region has remained about the same, decreased or increased? During the last five years, do you think that crime in your neighbourhood has increased, decreased or remained about the same? The results showed a significant decrease in the number of people that think crime had increased in Waterloo Region and in their own neighbourhood. Statistics Canada 2009 General Social The next sets of questions were repeated from the Survey to explore fear of crime, which asked: How safe do you feel from crime walking alone in your area after dark? If alone in your home in the evening or at night how do you feel about your personal safety from crime? In general how satisfied are you with your personal safety from crime? The results of these questions showed Waterloo Region residents felt safer than residents in Ontario or Canada. They also showed a general reduction in fear of crime. Another fear of crime question was repeated from the previous area survey: In thinking about your feelings of safety in your downtown area at night, do you feel very safe, somewhat safe, somewhat unsafe or very unsafe? These results showed a dramatic drop in fear of crime in downtown areas region wide. ì ó ì Attitudes related to crime prevention approaches were then explored with three questions: In your opinion, is substance abuse and addiction better managed in our society using health approaches, criminal justice approaches or a combination of both? Which of the ways listed would in your view be the single most effective way to control crime? Although reducing crime is a responsibility shared by many, where do you think the main responsibility lies? The first question showed that respondents favour a combination of health and criminal justice approaches to address substance abuse. The three most common answers to the most effective way to control crime were to reduce unemployment, increase the number of social programs and to make sentences harsher. Finally, a majority of respondents felt society generally was responsible for reducing crime. The drop in fear of crime is a positive outcome and opportunities exist to continue reducing fear of crime in Waterloo Region by continuing to reduce signs of physical and social disorder. Ideally this work should be done as a partnership between neighbourhood residents, community agencies and police. ì ó ë Introduction  In November 2009 the Waterloo Region Crime Prevention Council released a report examining fear of crime within Waterloo Region. This report began with a review of the academic literature related to fear of crime, then summarized the results from the most recent Waterloo Region Area Survey. These results were then compared to other Waterloo Region surveys. The report concluded with four recommendations for action within the Region of Waterloo. 2009 Fear of Crime Report Recommendations The Waterloo Region Crime Prevention Council recommends that: Recommendation 1: Local government, Business Improvement Associations, community agencies and Waterloo Regional Police increase their focus on a multi-sector approach to address the unique needs of the local communities in Waterloo Region to reduce fear of crime. Recommendation 2: Waterloo Region Crime Prevention Council, Waterloo Regional Police, Business Improvement Associations and Waterloo Region municipal governments employ strategies to address fear of crime that are based on evidence and are tailored to the needs of the local communities. Recommendation 3: Waterloo Region Crime Prevention Council, Waterloo Regional Police, Business Improvement Associations and community agencies work to ensure that perceptions of crime reflect thereality of crime. Recommendation 4: Waterloo Region Crime Prevention Council and Waterloo Regional Police collaborate on future surveys to continue to measure fear of crime in Waterloo Region. The current report is primarily a follow up to the 2009 Fear of Crime report. The data in this report, like the previous report, relies upon data gathered by the University of Waterloo Survey Research Centre from their Waterloo Region Area Survey. The Waterloo Region Area Survey is run on an irregular basis when the local community interest is large enough to support a random survey of Waterloo Region residents. Space in the survey is purchased by local governments, community agencies, and academics. ì ó ê Survey TitleConducted by:YearMethod Citizen SurveyWaterloo Region Police Service2000Phone Local Area SurveyUW Survey Research Centre2003Mail Citizen SurveyWaterloo Region Police Service2003Phone General Social SurveyStatistics Canada2004Phone Citizen SurveyWaterloo Region Police Service2007Phone Local Area SurveyUW Survey Research Centre2008Mail General Social SurveyStatistics Canada2008Phone General Social SurveyStatistics Canada2009Phone Local Area SurveyUW Survey Research Centre2011Phone The 2003 and 2008 Area Surveys were mail based surveys. The 2011 Area Survey was conducted using telephone interviews. The difficulties presented by this change will be explored in the methodology section (see Appendix B for a comparison of sampling issue between surveys). In addition to using data from the Area Survey this report has also made comparisons to the 2000, 2003 and 2007 Citizen Survey. This survey is conducted by the Waterloo Regional Police Service (WRPS) to assist in strategic planning. Data has also been compared to the 2003, explored issues related to victimization and crime, while the 2008 version explored community participation and social capital. The 2009 Fear of Crime report primarily explored fear of crime in Waterloo Region. The focus and purpose of this report is: 1)to track the changes in levels of fear of crime within Waterloo Region, 2)to compare local levels of fear of crime to national and provincial data, and 3)to explore policy opportunities arising from the data which may reduce crime, victimization and fear of crime within Waterloo Region. ì ó é Methodology  The 2011 Waterloo Region Area Survey was a phone survey conducted from May 26 to July 14, 2011. Contact information for Waterloo Region residents was purchased from ASDE Survey Sampler. The sample included land line numbers and cell phone numbers. At least eight attempts were made for each phone line that was contacted. If someone answered a landline the respondent was asked to have the adult with the next birthday come to the phone to complete the survey. The survey contained questions looking at the following areas: Mental health measures, Political participation and political attitudes, Perceptions of crime in the Region, Attitudes towards storm water management, and Demographic data. The final question in the survey asked if participants would be willing to participate in a follow up interview if $20 was provided in compensation. Fourteen survey respondents who indicated they would be willing to participate in a follow up interview and whose answers indicated they had a higher fear of crime were contacted. Ten of these individuals then participated in a follow up interview. Two individuals who had a low fear of crime were also contacted for a follow up interview, they both participated. This method of breaking individuals into two groups was designed by Spelman (2004) who suggested that an appropriate method to address why respondents with high fear of crime to interview, and then perform policy work on their largest concerns. provide a perfect comparison. The 2008 Area Survey almost exclusively surveyed homeowners with only 10 out of 703 respondents indicating that they rented. The 2008 Area Survey results appear to be a good sample on most other measures and therefore should be considered a survey of homeowners. The 2003 survey did not ask individuals if they rent or own their homes. In addition, the option existed to answer online but most respondents choose to mail back their survey. Comparisons have also been made to the 2004 and 2009 General Social Survey which were phone surveys conducted by Statistics Canada. These surveys were conducted Canada wide and some results, but not all results, are available at the Kitchener Census Metropolitan Area level. The Kitchener Census Metropolitan Area is not a perfect match for the Region of Waterloo as it excludes the townships of Wilmot and Wellesley. ì ó è The sampling differences with respect to homeowners and renters present a significant challenge when comparing the results from the 2003, 2008 and 2011Waterloo Region Area Survey. Additional challenges are presented by moving from a mail survey to a phone survey. Respondents who answer a phone survey are more likely to provide responses that are positive than individuals conducting a mail survey, this is called positivity bias (de Leeuw, 1992; Dilman, et. al, 2009). This has not been an issue in the past, even with the addition of a web option in 2008 as studies have found no difference exists in comparing the results to web and mail surveys (Yung & Trumbo, 2000; Dilman, et. al, 2009). ì ó ç Results & Discussion Response Rate The survey was conducted from May 26 to July 14, 2011. During that time 610 surveys were completed (540 on landlines and 70 on cellular phones) and 34 surveys were partially completed. This took 818 hours of surveying. The survey contact rate was 50%, meaning one out of every two households that were attempted to be contacted never answered the phone. The survey response rate was 13%. The response rate was higher on cell phones at 22% then land lines at 12%. Demographic Data well. Some variation still exists between the actual population, as described by the 2006 census, and the survey respondents. Most notably, females are over represented in the sample with 60% of respondents indicating they are female as opposed to the actual population which is 51%. This gender bias is not surprising as it is well documented in the academic literature that females are more likely to answer a survey than males (Rourke & Lakner, 1989). The sample is also skewed with respect to age. More individuals above the age of 55 completed the survey than would be expected if the survey had interviewed a proportion of individuals over the age of 55 that is reflective of the actual population of individuals above the age of 55. With individuals between the ages of 18 to 34 the opposite problem is presented with fewer individuals in this age group surveyed than would be expected. The survey did not attempt to interview anyone under the age of 18. The survey respondents were also on average wealthier than the residents of Waterloo Region. Income was estimated based upon job codes and matching salaries from 2005. The 1 average salaryaccording to the survey was $47,645 which is higher than the average salary in the region of $38,474. Comparing the results based on municipality of residence shows an under sampling of residents from Cambridge, with an over sampling for Waterloo and Kitchener. Percentage of Survey Percentage of CityPopulation PopulationRespondentsRespondents Cambridge120,37125.2%11517.9% Kitchener204,66842.8%29245.3% Waterloo97,47520.4%16325.3% Townships55,60711.6%7411.5% Waterloo Region478,121100%644100% When referring to the average salary this report uses the mean salary. 1 ì ó ïð The survey respondents were also less likely to have moved in the last five years than the general population. Seventy-one percent of survey respondents indicated they had not moved in the last five years as opposed to 56% of the actual population. These results are not surprising given the age and income characteristics of the respondents. Figure #1 Place of Residence Five Years Ago The survey closely matches when examining renting verses homeowners with 76% of respondents owning their home compared to 71% of the actual population which owned their home in 2006. The survey appropriately reflected country of birth as well, with 80% of survey respondents indicating they were born in Canada compared to the actual percentage which was 78% in 2006. These comparisons to the census show the survey results represent the residents of 2 Waterloo Region reasonably well. Waterloo Region Perceptions of Crime During the 2003 and 2008 Area Survey respondents were asked about their perceptions of crime in their area and within the region as whole. These questions were asked again in 2011. Weights were considered based upon gender and age, and municipality and age. After 2 reviewing the results with weights it was decided not to re-weight the sample for this report. Since, the weighted results reduced fear of crime the results are presented unweighted in the interest of presenting a conservative picture of the perceptions of crime in Waterloo Region. Weighted results based upon gender and age can be found in Appendix C. ì ó ïï The question about crime in the Region asked: During the last five years, do you think that crime in Waterloo Region has remained about the same, decreased or increased? The results indicate a majority of respondents (53.9%) thought crime had remained about the same. The second most common answer was that crime had increased (32.3%) with the least number of respondents thinking crime had decreased (13.7%). Figure #2: Perceptions of Crime in Waterloo Region These results show a dramatic drop in the number of people who thought crime had increased. During the 2003 survey 54.2% thought crime had increased and in the 2008 survey 53.1% thought crime increased. In 2011 this number dropped to 32.3%. Survey results represent an estimate on the beliefs of the entire population. These estimates are typically off by a little bit; by using confidence intervals it is possible to know with reasonable certainty a range within which the actual beliefs of the population fall. This is expressed as a confidence interval. For example, using the 95% confidence interval we can say that we are confident that 19 times out of 20 the respondents fall within a range. Comparing the results from 2003, 2008 and 2011 the change in 34 response can be seen as statistically significant at the 95% confidence interval. 3 All confidence intervals calculated using The Survey System Confidence Interval Calculator found at www.surveysystem.com/sscalc.htm 54.2% +/-3.9 in 2003, 53.1% +/-3.8 in 2008 and 32.3 +/-3.9 in 2011 4 ì ó ïî Figure #3: Crime in Waterloo Region Has Increased with 95% Confidence Intervals The best measure of the crime rate available is police reported crimes. It is important to note that police reported crime is a significant undercount of actual crimes with Statistics Canada estimating that only 1/3 of crimes are reported to police (Perreault & Brennan, 2010). Statistics Canada annually reports police reported crime statistics for Waterloo Region. These numbers allow us to see if perception reflects reality. The question asked if during the previous five years crime had changed in Waterloo Region, Results are not available for 2011 but if we compare 2010 to 2006 we see that crime had dropped 12%. Comparing 2008 to 2003 we see an 8% drop in crime and comparing 2003 to 1998 we see an 18% decrease in crime. Despite these drops a majority of respondents in 1998 and 2003 thought that crime was increasing. In contrast two- crime is about the same or decreasing. Figure #4: Kitchener Census Metropolitan Area Crime Rate ì ó ïí To test the limitations when comparing the 2008 sample, the results of homeowners and renters 5 were compared. Results show that renters were more likely to think crime is increasing than 6 homeowners. This leads credibility to these results. Since the 2008 sample contains more homeowners these results show that if there is a bias in the 2008 results it is likely that it is towards less individuals reporting they believe crime is increasing than the actual population. However, these results should still be interpreted carefully as there is still the possibility of a positivity bias. The survey also asked a follow up question which focused more specifically on crime in the During the last five years, do you think that crime in your neighbourhood has increased, decreased or remained about the same?The results indicate that a majority of respondents (67.7%) thought crime in their neighbourhood had remained about the same. In contrast not as many respondents thought crime had increased (17.8%) or decreased (14.5%). Figure# 5 Perceptions of Crime in Respondents Neighbourhood Once again these results compare favourably to the 2003 and 2008 Area Survey as significantly increased in their neighbourhood a 2011 this number dropped to 17.8%. These results can once again be compared using confidence 7 intervals which show that the change is statistically significant. This comparison was made using a t-test. 5 These results were significant at the 0.1 level. 6 25.4% +/-3.4 in 2003, 22.1% +/-3.1 in 2008 and 17.8% +/-3.1 in 2011. 7 ì ó ïì Figure #6: Crime in Respondents Neighbourhood Has Increased with 95% Confidence Intervals To test the limitations when comparing to the 2008 sample the results of homeowners and renters 8 were compared. The results found no statistically significant difference between renters and homeowners responses. This survey question offers a second test on validity as a similar question was asked during the 2000, 2003 and 2007 WRPS Citizen Survey. This survey was also a phone survey, so positivity bias does not present a problem when comparing the results. However, in the Citizen Survey as opposed to asking about crime in the last five years in respondents neighbourhoods the related survey question asked about the past three years: During the past three years, would you say the level of crime in your neighbourhood has increased, decreased or remained the same?These results are therefore not a perfect comparison but should provide a reasonable approximation. 8 This comparison was made using a t-test. ì ó ïë Figure #7: WRPS Citizen Survey Results - Crime in Respondents Neighbourhood The results from the Citizen Survey and the Local Area Survey show that the percentage of individuals that think crime is increasing in their neighbourhood has been steadily declining over the past decade. Waterloo Region Fear of Crime Four survey questions explored fear of crime in different locations and situations. The first How safe do you feel from crime walking alone in your area after dark?The results to this question show 82.9% of respondents feel very safe or reasonably safe. A similar question was asked in the 2008 Area Survey and the 2007 Citizen Survey. This question asked: In thinking about your feelings of safety in your neighbourhood at night please indicate whether your feel very safe, somewhat safe, somewhat unsafe or very unsafe during night time hours while walking in your neighbourhood?The results from these surveys were lower with 75.5% of 2008 respondents and 74.4% of 2007 respondents indicating they felt very safe or somewhat safe. îðïï ß®»¿ Í«®ª»§ îððè ß®»¿ Í«®ª»§ îððé Ý·¬·¦»² Í«®ª»§ Very Safe35.6%Very Safe28.7%40% Reasonably Somewhat 47.3%46.6%34% SafeSafe ͱ³»©¸¿¬ Somewhat ïîòêû îðòìû îïû ˲­¿º» Unsafe ì ó ïê ìòìû Ê»®§ ˲­¿º» ìòìû ëû Very Unsafe The question, how safe do you feel from crime walking alone in your area after dark? was also asked on the 2009 and 2004 General Social Survey (GSS) by Statistics Canada. This provides additional opportunities for comparison. When the results are compared between the 2011 Area Figure #8: Feelings While Walking Alone After Dark in Respondents Area The results also appear to be relatively stable over time as it is possible to compare the results to the 2009 General Social Survey. This survey shows that for the Kitchener CMA 79% of respondents felt very safe or reasonably safe which is comparable to 2011 when 82.9% of respondents indicated feeling very safe or reasonably safe. The results are also relatively stable from 2004 to 2009 for Canada and Ontario. îðïï ß®»¿ Í«®ª»§ îððç Ù»²»®¿´ ͱ½·¿´ Í«®ª»§ îððì Ù»²»®¿´ ͱ½·¿´ Í«®ª»§ É¿¬»®´±± λ¹·±² Ý¿²¿¼¿ Ѳ¬¿®·± Õ·¬½¸»²»® ÝÓß Ý¿²¿¼¿ Ѳ¬¿®·± Very Safe35.6%40.8%40.4%37.5%40.6%37.6% Reasonably 47.3%43.8%46.3%41.5%43.4%45.7% Safe Very Safe/ èîòçû èìòëû èêòéû éçòðû èìòðû èíòìû Reasonably Safe ì ó ïé The 2011 Area Survey copied a second question from the 2004 and 2009 GSS: If alone in your home in the evening or at night how do you feel about your safety from crime?The results for Waterloo Region closely matched the 2009 Canada and Ontario results with 82.8% of Area Survey participants indicating they were not at all worried about crime at home in the evening. Figure #9: Feelings of Safety in Respondents Home After Dark îðïï ß®»¿ Í«®ª»§ îððç Ù»²»®¿´ ͱ½·¿´ Í«®ª»§ îððì Ù»²»®¿´ ͱ½·¿´ Í«®ª»§ É¿¬»®´±± λ¹·±² Ý¿²¿¼¿ Ѳ¬¿®·± Ý¿²¿¼¿ Ѳ¬¿®·± Not at All èîòèû èíòîû èìòðû èðòìû éçòëû Worried ì ó ïè Finally, in the 2011 Area Survey a third question was repeated from the 2004 and 2009 GSS: In general how satisfied are you with your personal safety from crime?The results to this question show 96.9% of respondents are satisfied with their personal safety from crime. This result is approximately the same as the results for the Kitchener Census Metropolitan Area in the 2009 GSS where 96.3% of respondents felt satisfied. High satisfaction rates for safety from crime are also seen in Ontario and Canada. Figure #10: Respondents General Satisfaction with Safety from Crime îðïï ß®»¿ Í«®ª»§ îððç Ù»²»®¿´ ͱ½·¿´ Í«®ª»§ îððì Ù»²»®¿´ ͱ½·¿´ Í«®ª»§ É¿¬»®´±± λ¹·±² Ý¿²¿¼¿ Ѳ¬¿®·± Õ·¬½¸»²»® ÝÓß Ý¿²¿¼¿ Ѳ¬¿®·± Very êïòðû ëðòîû ëëòéû êíòðû ìéòðû ìçòéû Satisfied Somewhat íëòçû ììòìû ìðòìû ííòíû ìèòçû ìêòìû Satisfied Very Satisfied/ çêòçû çìòéû çêòðû çêòíû çëòçû çêòïû Somewhat Satisfied ì ó ïç The next question asked: In thinking about your feelings of safety in your downtown area at night, do you feelvery safe, somewhat safe, somewhat unsafe or very unsafe?These results show a dramatic drop in fear of crime in the downtown cores. In the 2007 WRPS Citizen Survey 48% of respondents indicated they felt somewhat unsafe or very unsafe in their downtown area. A similar result was obtained in the 2008 Area Survey with 47.5% of respondents indicating they felt somewhat unsafe or very unsafe in their downtown. The 2011 Area Survey shows a dramatic drop with only 36.8% of respondents indicating they felt somewhat unsafe or very unsafe in their downtown. Figure #11: Respondents Feelings of Safety in Downtown Core Citizen Survey Area Survey 2007 20112008 Very Safe21.5%16.7%15% Somewhat 41.6%35.8%37% Safe Somewhat 25.5%31.5%26% Unsafe Very 11.3%16.0%22% Unsafe ì ó îð The results from the 2008 and 2011 Area Survey were also examined by city. Combining the respondents that said they felt somewhat unsafe and very unsafe shows a drop from 2008 to 2011 in every city within Waterloo Region and the townships as a whole. Figure #12: Percent Reporting Feeling Somewhat or Very Unsafe and 95% Confidence Interval Figure #13: Percent Reporting Feeling Somewhat or Very Unsafe and 95% Confidence Interval ì ó îï Figure #14: Percent Reporting Feeling Somewhat or Very Unsafe and 95% Confidence Interval Since the 2008 Area Survey included mostly home owners a test was performed using the 2011 9 survey to compare home owners fear in the downtown with renters. The results showed that 10 renters were more fearful in the downtown core.This indicates that the 2008 survey results may have under-represented the fear of crime in downtown areas. The 2007 WRPS Citizen Survey results were also explored by city. When these results are compared to the 2011 and 2008 Area Survey the results are relatively similar in 2008 and once again show a significant drop in 2011 of number of respondents indicating they feel somewhat unsafe or very unsafe in their downtown area at night. Waterloo Region Attitudes Related to Crime Prevention The next questions explored opinions on how to address crime. The first question in this area asked: In your opinion, is substance abuse and addiction better managed in our society using health approaches, criminal justice approaches or a combination of both?This question was repeated from the 2008 Area Survey. The results once again indicated that respondents felt a combination of both was the best approach (87.7%) and the second choice was health approaches (11.6%). Area Survey20112008 Health approaches11.6%20.1% Criminal justice approaches0.7%1.6% 9 This was examined using a t-test. 10 This result was significant at the .001 level. ì ó îî A combination of both87.7%78.3% Sample Size587672 The next question was a repeat from a 1985-1986 Gallop Poll question asked across Canada. This question asked: Which of the ways listed would in your view be the single most effective way to control crime?Three answers stood out as the most common: to reduce unemployment at 25.9%, to increase the number of social programs at 24.8% and making sentences harsher at 22.5%. The forth most common answer with 11.5% was increase the number of police and the fifth most common answer with 10.4% was increase the use of alternatives to incarceration. A total of 4.9% of respondents reported they did not know or did not answer the question. Figure #15: Most Effective Way to Control Crime These results represent a large change from 1986. Reducing unemployment as an answer was the most common answer (41%), make sentences harsher was second (27%) and increase number of social programs was much lower (10%). These comparisons should be viewed with caution as they may be showing difference between Canada and Waterloo Region, differences in time or possibly both. 1985-1986 Canada Wide -Canadian Gallop Poll2011 Area Survey Reduce Level of Unemployment41%25.9% Make Sentences Harsher27%22.5% Increase the Use of Alternatives to Incarceration13%10.4% Increase the Number of Social Programs10%24.8% Increased the Number of Police4%11.5% Other/Don't Know/ Not Stated5%4.9% ì ó îí The next question asked: Although reducing crime is a responsibility shared by many, where do you think the main responsibility lies?This survey question was a repeat of a question asked on the 1985-1986 Gallop Poll. The most common answer on this question in the 2011 Area Survey was society generally at 62.8%, courts were next at 11.7%, followed closely by community programs at 11.4%, then police at 6.8%, and then corrections at 3.1%. A total of 4.2% of respondents reported they did not know, did not answer the question or had an unlisted opinion. Among those that indicated they had a different opinion than was listed the most common answer was family or parents, followed by the government. Figure #16: Who is Responsible for Crime Control The order of the results in the 2011 Area Survey was the same as in the 1985-1986 Gallop Poll. However, there was an increase in the number of respondents that indicated Society Generally (47% in 1986) and a decrease in number of respondents that said courts (24% in 1986). Once again these comparisons should be viewed with caution as they may be showing difference between Canada and Waterloo Region, differences in time or possibly both. 1985-1986 Canada Wide -Canadian Gallop Poll2011 Area Survey Society generally47%62.8% Courts24%11.7% Community programs10%11.4% Police8%6.8% ì ó îì Corrections6%3.1% Other/ Don't Know/ Not Stated5%4.2% In-Depth Fear of Crime Interviews Twelve in-depth interviews were conducted with individuals who participated in the Waterloo Region Area Survey and consent to a follow up interview. An index was built to measure fear of crime by combining the results from the following three survey questions: How safe do you feel from crime walking alone in your area after dark? If alone in your home in the evening or at night how do you feel about your safety from crime? In general how satisfied are you with your personal safety from crime? Individuals could score from 0 to 3 on this index. Individuals with scores below 1 were classified as having low fear of crime, from 1 to 2 as having moderate fear of crime and above two as having high fear of crime. Four individuals with high fear of crime, six individuals with moderate fear of crime and two individuals with low fear of crime were interviewed. The gender split of interviewees was four males and eight females. The Waterloo Region Area Survey asked these individuals if they had been a victim of crime. Seven indicated they had been a victim more than one year ago, three had been victims in the past year and two had never been a victim of crime. The final question each person was asked during the follow up interview was Generally speaking would you say that most people can be trusted or that you cannot be too careful in dealing with people?This is a widely accepted and simple measure of social capital (Halpern, 2005, p. 33). Five interviewees indicated they believed most people can be trusted and seven felt that you cannot be too careful in dealing with people. GenderFearPast VictimizationGenerally speaking would you say MaleHigh Past WeekCannot be too careful in dealing with people FemaleHighPast yearCannot be too careful in dealing with people FemaleHighPast yearCannot be too careful in dealing with people FemaleHigh More than one year Cannot be too careful in dealing with people MaleModerateMore than one year Cannot be too careful in dealing with people MaleModerateNever a victimMost people can be trusted FemaleModerateMore than one year Cannot be too careful in dealing with people FemaleModerateMore than one year Cannot be too careful in dealing with people FemaleModerate More than one year Most people can be trusted FemaleModerate More than one year Most people can be trusted MaleLowMore than one year Most people can be trusted FemaleLowNever a victimMost people can be trusted The results of these interviews were coded using an open coding scheme based upon a grounded theory approach. Six themes emerged from these interviews. The first theme was social disorder. ì ó îë This theme was primarily a validation of existing theory which argues that social disorder is a cause of fear of crime (Wilson & Kelling, 1982; Kohm, 2009; Fitzgerald, 2009). Social disorder occurs when there are visible indications of a lack of social control in a neighbourhood involving individuals. For example, this could include seeing drug deals done in public or individuals openly soliciting for the purposes of prostitution. When individuals were asked what made them afraid of crime they repeatedly noted issues of social disorder. One respondent cited concerns about seeing people using drugs and tied it to crime simply stating few individuals indicated that they thought their downtown area had become safer they were asked what showed them it was safe. These individuals noted some social disorder issues improving but they mostly discussed signs of physical disorder improving. Physical disorder is similar to social disorder, except that it identifies signs of lack of control in an area that do not directly involve people. Graffiti, litter and vandalism are all considered physical disorder. Respondents who noted an improvement in downtown areas generally talked about improved maintenance of buildings along side other changes. For example one individual stated the city Two themes emerged as individuals talked about things that would make them feel safer in their communities. One thing noted by a number of respondents is an increase in community policing. Some respondents explicitly stated that they would like to see an increase in community policing. Other individuals described activities commonly associated with community policing. y the idea of Community Crime Prevention Programsemerged as a theme. A few individuals explicitly noted the program neighbourhood watch. Others when prompted about neighbourhood watch or block parent programs expressed support. For example, when one interviewee was asked if a neighbourhood Some individuals when asked about neighbourhood watch brought up the third theme informal watch.These individuals said that an informal neighbourhood watch already existed in their area. respondents talked about things they have done to keep an eye on the neighbourhood. For - to- ì ó îê felt that keeping an eye out for crime in a neighbourhood is one way a community can help to reduce crime. Individuals also discussed measures they personally took to reduce crime. Almost everyone took some sort of protective measures. The amount of protective measures individuals took increased as their fear of crime increased.When asked about protective measures almost all respondents covered locking their doors. Then as individuals fear increased they discussed more measures, like limiting walking at night or installing a security system. Persons with high fear of crime were more likely to discuss moving. For example one individual with particularly high fear noted about a month-and-a- measures they took with respect to their children and grandchildren. One of these people noted the difficulty with this approach. She talked about an increased fear of crime leading to an increase in parents driving their children to school, which she argued made the neighbourhood less safe because when parents wa The final theme that emerged took a different direction. Nine out of the twelve respondents indicated scepticism of federal politicaThis scepticismwas put succinctly by one respondent when asked if any political party had a good plan to address crime, federal parties plans to address crime there was no consensus on how best to address crime. Some respondents argued for an approach focused upon longer sentences for offenders, others argued for an increase in social programs and some argued for an approach that balanced these Waterloo Region Social Capital The interview findings present opportunities when combined with results from the 2008 General Social Survey. This survey contains two questions related to social capital which can be reported based upon the boundaries of the Kitchener Census Metropolitan Area. The first question asks Generally speaking, would you say that most people can be trusted or that you cannot be too careful in dealing with people?This, as previously mentioned, is a simple and widely accepted measure of social capital (Halpern, 2005, p. 33). The results show that 52% of people in the Kitchener CMA think most people can be trusted, this compares to 46% or respondents in Canada and 49% or respondents in Ontario who felt most people could be trusted. The second question asked be trusted In the Kitchener CMA ì ó îé 61% of respondents answered a four or a five, this compared to 44% in Canada and 45% in Ontario. Figure #17: Most People Can Be Trusted with 95% Confidence Intervals Figure #18: People in the Neighbourhood Can be Trusted with 95% Confidence Intervals ì ó îè Conclusions The results from the 2011 Waterloo Region Area Survey are a positive sign for Waterloo Region. Fear of crime has shown a significant drop. This drop is seen region wide. In addition, perceptions of crime rates have begun to closer reflect actual police data with significantly less respondents thinking that crime had increased in the last five years. The report also highlights some areas where continued work is needed as fear of crime remains higher in downtown Kitchener and Cambridge. However, both of these areas saw a decline in fear from previous surveys indicating that the measures taken to improve community perceptions of these areas have started to have an effect. The drop in fear of crime Region wide is positive but continued improvement will require continued community efforts. The survey provides some insights into where the public expects is partially caused by seeing individuals with substance abuse issues using drugs in public. The survey results suggest the public overwhelmingly expects this issue to be addressed by a combination of health approaches and criminal justice approaches. The survey also suggested Waterloo Region residents favour three approaches to addressing crime; increasing social programs, increasing employment or implementing harsher sentences. They also believe that society generally has an important role to play in reducing crime. When these results were explored in the follow up interviews three themes emerged that are noteworthy. People believe community policing can reduce crime. Many people informally watch their neighbourhood to keep an eye out for crime and there is a willingness to devote time to a community crime prevention program if one was developed. The 2004 General Social Survey results suggest that social capital within Waterloo Region is particularly strong. This could aid in expanding community crime prevention initiatives, like neighbourhood watch, throughout Waterloo Region. This approach should be considered as Morenoff, Sampson & Raudenbush (2001) found that strong social ties in themselves were not enough to prevent crime; instead strong social ties gave communities the means to exercise informal social control. If a community does not exercise social control, having strong social ties alone will not prevent crime. Facilitating the creation of community crime prevention initiatives is an effective means to turn social ties into social control. Neighbourhood watch is one specific idea suggested by interviewees. The research suggests - out Waterloo Region. This could represent a positive opportunity for the region as a number of ì ó îç academic papers reviewing studies of neighbourhood watch have found them to be generally effective at addressing crime issues, with neighbourhood watching being seen as particularly effective at reducing break and enters (Bennet, Holloway & Farrington, 2006; Bennet, Holloway & Farrington, 2009; Garofalo & McLeod, 1989). However, this approach should be approached cautiously as neighbourhood watch is not a panacea and when it is implemented poorly it can actually increase fear of crime (Rosenbaum, 1987). There is also evidence to suggest that the location of neighbourhood watch matters. Neighbourhood watches started in neighbourhoods without a crime issue are generally thought to be ineffective (Waller, 2006). In the 2008 Report, Fear of Crime: Perceptions in Waterloo Region,the importance of addressing community disorder was discussed. The results from this study affirm the need to continue this focus as in-depth interviews showed that fear is associated with signs of social disorder. One possible approach to address fear of crime within Waterloo Region would be to focus on areas with higher fear of crime and attempting to reduce signs of physical and social disorder. Reducing signs of disorder is most effective when it involves neighbourhood residents, police and community partners (Braga & Bond, 2008). This type of approach is ideal as Waterloo Region has consistently favoured using partnerships to address crime, victimization and fear of crime. ì ó íð Appendix A: Selected 2011 Waterloo Region Area Survey Questions  F1) During the last five years, do you think that crime in Waterloo region has increased, de- creased or remained about the same? F2) During the last five years, do you think that crime in your neighbourhood has increased, decreased, or remained about the same? F3) How safe do you feel from crime walking alone in your area after dark, very safe, reasona- bly safe, somewhat unsafe or very unsafe? F4) If alone in your home in the evening or at night how do you feel about your safety from crime, very worried, somewhat worried or not at all worried? F5) In general how satisfied are you with your personal safety from crime, very satisfied, somewhat satisfied, somewhat dissatisfied, or very dissatisfied? F6) In thinking about your feelings of safety in your downtown area at night, do you feel, very safe, somewhat safe, somewhat unsafe, or very unsafe? F7) In your opinion, is substance use and addiction better managed in our society using, health approaches, criminal justice approaches or a combination of both? F8) Which of the ways listed would in your view be the single most effective way to control crime, reduce level of unemployment, make sentences harsher, increase the use of alterna- tives to incarceration, increase the number of social programs or increase the number of po- lice? F9) Although reducing crime is a responsibility shared by many, where do you think the main responsibility lies, society generally, courts, community programs, police, corrections or other (Specify)? ì ó íï Appendix B: Survey Sampling Issues SurveyYearMajor Sampling Issues Citizen Survey2000Unknown data not available Local Area Survey2003Suspected bias towards homeowners Citizen Survey2003Unknown data not available General Social Survey2004None, sample is weighted to reflect demographics Gender bias towards females, age bias towards older Citizen Survey2007 respondents, over samples the City of Waterloo Local Area Survey2008Survey focuses on homeowners General Social Survey2008None, sample is weighted to reflect demographics General Social Survey2009None, sample is weighted to reflect demographics Gender bias towards females, age bias towards older Local Area Survey2011 respondents, over samples the City of Kitchener ì ó íî Appendix C: 2011 Waterloo Region Area Survey Results  Unweighted Results During the last five years, do you think that crime in Waterloo region has increased, decreased or remained about the same? FrequencyPercentage Increased18632.3 Decreased7913.7 Remained About the Same31053.9 Total57599.9 During the last five years, do you think that crime in your neighbourhood has increased, decreased, or remained about the same? FrequencyPercentage Increased10717.8 Decreased8714.5 Remained About the Same40667.7 Total600100 How safe do you feel from crime walking alone in your area after dark, very safe, reasonably safe, somewhat unsafe or very unsafe? FrequencyPercentage Very Safe21735.6 Reasonably Safe28847.3 Somewhat Unsafe7712.6 Very Unsafe274.4 Total60999.9 If alone in your home in the evening or at night how do you feel about your safety from crime, very worried, somewhat worried or not at all worried? FrequencyPercentage Very Worried40.6 Somewhat Worried10216.5 Not At All Worried51282.8 Total618100 In general how satisfied are you with your personal safety from crime, very satisfied, somewhat satisfied, somewhat dissatisfied, or very dissatisfied? FrequencyPercentage Very Satisfied37660.9 Somewhat Satisfied22135.8 Somewhat Dissatisfied193.1 Very Dissatisfied10.2 Total617100 ì ó íí In thinking about your feelings of safety in your downtown area at night, do you feel, very safe, somewhat safe, somewhatunsafe, or very unsafe? FrequencyPercentage Very Safe12721.5 Somewhat Safe24641.6 Somewhat Unsafe15125.5 Very Unsafe6711.3 Total59199.9 In your opinion, is substance use and addiction better managed in our society using, health approaches, criminal justice approaches or a combination of both? FrequencyPercentage Health Approaches6811.6 Criminal Justice Approaches40.7 A Combination of Both51587.7 Total587100 Which of the ways listed would in your view be the single most effective way to control crime, reduce level of unemployment, make sentences harsher, increase the use of alternatives to incarceration, increase the number of social programs or increase the number of police? FrequencyPercentage Reduce Level of Unemployment16025.9 Make Sentences Harsher13922.5 Increase the Use of Alternatives 6410.4 to Incarceration Increase the Number of Social 15324.8 Programs Increase the Number of Police7111.5 304.9 Total617100 Although reducing crime is a responsibility shared by many, where do you think the main responsibility lies, society generally, courts, community programs, police, corrections or other (Specify)? FrequencyPercentage Society Generally38762.8 Courts7211.7 Community Programs7011.4 Police426.8 Corrections193.1 Other111.8 152.4 Total100 ì ó íì How safe do you feel from crime walking alone in your area after dark, very safe, reasonably safe, somewhat unsafe or very unsafe? 2 (n = 608 =14.21,df = 15, p= .510) AgeVery SafeReasonably SafeSomewhat UnsafeVery Unsafe 18 to 24162061 25 to 34283842 35 to 444253125 45 to 545154155 55 to 644048215 65 plus4074199 How safe do you feel from crime walking alone in your area after dark, very safe, reasonably safe, somewhat unsafe or very unsafe? 2 (n = 598 =49.51,df = 3, p<.001) Very SafeReasonably SafeSomewhat UnsafeVery Unsafe Rent29613515 Own1862194112 How safe do you feel from crime walking alone in your area after dark, very safe, reasonably safe, somewhat unsafe or very unsafe? 2 (n = 608 =71.30,df = 3, p<.001) GenderVery SafeReasonably SafeSomewhat UnsafeVery Unsafe Female861826625 Male131105112 How safe do you feel from crime walking alone in your area after dark, very safe, reasonably safe, somewhat unsafe or very unsafe? 2 (n = 609 =26.38,df = 9, p<.005) CityVery SafeReasonably SafeSomewhat UnsafeVery Unsafe Cambridge3562153 Kitchener781334217 Waterloo6765176 Townships372831 If alone in your home in the evening or at night how do you feel about your safety from crime, very worried, somewhat worried or not at all worried? 2 (n = 617 =3.67,df = 5, p=.598) AgeNot at All WorriedSomewhat Worried or Very Worried 18 to 24349 25 to 346011 35 to 449022 45 to 5410422 55 to 649222 ì ó íë 65 plus13219 If alone in your home in the evening or at night how do you feel about your safety from crime, very worried, somewhat worried or not at all worried? 2 (n = 608 =2.54,df = 1, p=.111) Not at All WorriedSomewhat Worried or Very Worried Rent11231 Own39174 If alone in your home in the evening or at night how do you feel about your safety from crime, very worried, somewhat worried or not at all worried? 2 (n = 617 =23.10,df = 1, p<.001) GenderNotat All WorriedSomewhat Worried or Very Worried Female28185 Male23021 If alone in your home in the evening or at night how do you feel about your safety from crime, very worried, somewhat worried or not at all worried? 2 (n = 618 =10.24,df = 3,p<.050) CityNot at All WorriedSomewhat Worried or Very Worried Cambridge8728 Kitchener22251 Waterloo13721 Townships666 In general how satisfied are you with your personal safety from crime, very satisfied, somewhat satisfied, somewhatdissatisfied, or very dissatisfied? 2 (n = 616 =7.95,df = 10, p=.634) AgeVery SatisfiedSomewhat SatisfiedSomewhat Dissatisfied or Very Dissatisfied 18 to 2428141 25 to 3442254 35 to 4470393 45 to 5477436 55 to 6461494 65 plus98502 In general how satisfied are you with your personal safety from crime, very satisfied, somewhat satisfied, somewhat dissatisfied, or very dissatisfied? 2 (n = 607 =5.52,df = 2, p<.100) Very SatisfiedSomewhat SatisfiedSomewhat Dissatisfied or Very Dissatisfied Rent75607 Own29415813 ì ó íê In general how satisfied are you with your personal safety from crime, very satisfied, somewhat satisfied, somewhat dissatisfied, or very dissatisfied? 2 (n = 616 =13.12,df = 2, p<.005) GenderVery SatisfiedSomewhat SatisfiedSomewhat Dissatisfied or Very Dissatisfied Female20114915 Male174725 In general how satisfied are you with your personal safety from crime, very satisfied, somewhat satisfied, somewhat dissatisfied, or very dissatisfied? 2 (n = 617 =11.90,df = 6, p<.100) CityVery SatisfiedSomewhat SatisfiedSomewhat Dissatisfied or Very Dissatisfied Cambridge71386 Kitchener15111111 Waterloo104521 Townships50202 In thinking about your feelings of safety in your downtown area at night, do you feel, very safe, somewhat safe, somewhat unsafe, or very unsafe? 2 (n = 590 =14.29,df = 10, p=.160) AgeVery SafeSomewhat SafeSomewhat Unsafe or Very Unsafe 18 to 24131614 25 to 34124117 35 to 44194843 45 to 54304845 55 to 64244444 65 plus294855 In thinking about your feelings of safety in your downtown area at night, do you feel, very safe, somewhat safe, somewhat unsafe, or very unsafe? 2 (n = 582 =15.31,df = 2, p<.001) Very SafeSomewhat SafeSomewhat Unsafe or Very Unsafe Rent254270 Own100199146 In thinking about your feelings of safety in your downtown area at night, do you feel, very safe, somewhat safe, somewhat unsafe, or very unsafe? 2 (n = 590 =36.56,df = 2, p<.001) GenderVery SafeSomewhat SafeSomewhat Unsafe or Very Unsafe Female58130163 Male6911654 In thinking about your feelings of safety in your downtown area at night, do you feel, very ì ó íé safe, somewhat safe, somewhat unsafe, or very unsafe? 2 (n = 591 =76.47,df = 6, p<.001) CityVery SafeSomewhat SafeSomewhat Unsafe or Very Unsafe Cambridge174846 Kitchener30101130 Waterloo487232 Townships322510 Weighted Results The following results have been weighted for age and gender. During the last five years, do you think that crime in Waterloo region has increased, decreased or remained about the same? FrequencyPercentage Increased17113.9 Decreased8056.5 Remained About the Same32529.6 Total575100 During the last five years, do you think that crime in your neighbourhood has increased, decreased, or remained about the same? FrequencyPercentage Increased10517.4 Decreased8814.6 Remained About the Same41068.0 Total603100 How safe do you feel from crime walking alone in your area after dark, very safe, reasonably safe, somewhat unsafe or very unsafe? FrequencyPercentage Very Safe24740.1 Reasonably Safe27945.2 Somewhat Unsafe6911.2 Very Unsafe223.5 Total616100 If alone in your home in the evening or at night how do you feel about your safety from crime, very worried, somewhat worried or not at all worried? FrequencyPercentage Very Worried30.6 Somewhat Worried9916.0 Not At All Worried51983.5 ì ó íè Total100 In general how satisfied are you with your personal safety from crime, very satisfied, somewhat satisfied, somewhat dissatisfied, or very dissatisfied? FrequencyPercentage Very Satisfied38962.6 Somewhat Satisfied21234.2 Somewhat Dissatisfied193.1 Very Dissatisfied10.1 Total100 In thinking about your feelings of safety in your downtown area at night, do you feel, very safe, somewhat safe, somewhat unsafe, or very unsafe? FrequencyPercentage Very Safe13422.3 Somewhat Safe27044.9 Somewhat Unsafe14123.5 Very Unsafe569.3 Total601100 In your opinion, is substance use and addiction better managed in our society using, health approaches, criminal justice approaches or a combination of both? FrequencyPercentage Health Approaches7512.7 Criminal Justice Approaches30.5 A Combination of Both51486.8 Total592100 Which of the ways listed would in your view be the single most effective way to control crime, reduce level of unemployment, make sentences harsher, increase the use of alternatives to incarceration, increase the number of social programs or increase the number of police? FrequencyPercentage Reduce Level of Unemployment17127.5 Make Sentences Harsher13621.9 Increase the Use of Alternatives 6610.6 to Incarceration Increase the Number of Social 15725.3 Programs Increase the Number of Police6810.9 243.9 Total621100 Although reducing crime is a responsibility shared by many, where do you think the main ì ó íç responsibility lies, society generally, courts, community programs, police, corrections or other (Specify)? FrequencyPercentage Society Generally40465.1 Courts6810.9 Community Programs7211.6 Police375.9 Corrections193.1 Other101.6 121.8 Total620100 How safe do you feel from crime walking alone in your area after dark, very safe, reasonably safe, somewhat unsafe or very unsafe? 2 (n = 617 =26.253,df = 15, p< .050) AgeVery SafeReasonably SafeSomewhat UnsafeVery Unsafe 18 to 242738143 25 to 34475953 35 to 446752114 45 to 545247134 55 to 642934143 65 plus2647126 How safe do you feel from crime walking alone in your area after dark, very safe, reasonably safe, somewhat unsafe or very unsafe? 2 (n = 604 =49.15,df = 3, p<.001) Very SafeReasonably SafeSomewhat UnsafeVery Unsafe Rent39643413 Own206206348 How safe do you feel from crime walking alone in your area after dark, very safe, reasonably safe, somewhat unsafe or very unsafe? 2 (n = 615 =94.25,df = 3, p<.001) GenderVery SafeReasonably SafeSomewhat UnsafeVery Unsafe Female711545720 Male176124121 How safe do you feel from crime walking alone in your area after dark, very safe, reasonably safe, somewhat unsafe or very unsafe? 2 (n = 616 =28.08,df = 9, p<.005) CityVery SafeReasonably SafeSomewhat UnsafeVery Unsafe Cambridge3564132 Kitchener941263615 Waterloo7864174 ì ó ìð Townships402431 If alone in your home in the evening or at night how do you feel about your safety from crime, very worried, somewhat worried or not at all worried? 2 (n = 620 =5.68,df = 5, p=.339) AgeNot at All WorriedSomewhat Worried or Very Worried 18 to 246220 25 to 349616 35 to 4411320 45 to 549719 55 to 646615 65 plus8412 If alone in your home in the evening or at night how do you feel about your safety from crime, very worried, somewhat worried or not at all worried? 2 (n = 612 =6.92,df = 1, p<.010) Not at All WorriedSomewhat Worried or Very Worried Rent11736 Own39366 If alone in your home in the evening or at night how do you feel about your safety from crime, very worried, somewhat worried or not at all worried? 2 (n = 620 =28.93,df = 1, p<.001) GenderNot at All WorriedSomewhat Worried or Very Worried Female23075 Male28827 If alone in your home in the evening or at night how do you feel about your safety from crime, very worried, somewhat worried or not at all worried? 2 (n = 621 =10.28,df = 3, p<.050) CityNot at All WorriedSomewhat Worried or Very Worried Cambridge8728 Kitchener22646 Waterloo14223 Townships645 In general how satisfied are you with your personal safety from crime, very satisfied, somewhat satisfied, somewhat dissatisfied, or very dissatisfied? 2 (n = 622 =6.24,df = 10, p=.795) AgeVery SatisfiedSomewhat SatisfiedSomewhat Dissatisfied or Very Dissatisfied 18 to 2452292 25 to 3468395 ì ó ìï 35 to 4489414 45 to 5474375 55 to 6444343 65 plus63321 In general how satisfied are you with your personal safety from crime, very satisfied, somewhat satisfied, somewhat dissatisfied, or very dissatisfied? 2 (n = 612 =6.97,df = 2, p<.050) Very SatisfiedSomewhat SatisfiedSomewhat Dissatisfied or Very Dissatisfied Rent82647 Own30014613 In general how satisfied are you with your personal safety from crime, very satisfied, somewhat satisfied, somewhat dissatisfied, or very dissatisfied? 2 (n = 620 =17.27,df = 2, p<.001) GenderVery SatisfiedSomewhat SatisfiedSomewhat Dissatisfied or Very Dissatisfied Female16612613 Male222867 In general how satisfied are you with your personal safety from crime, very satisfied, somewhat satisfied, somewhat dissatisfied, or very dissatisfied? 2 (n = 621 =8.96,df = 6, p=.176) CityVery SatisfiedSomewhat SatisfiedSomewhat Dissatisfied or Very Dissatisfied Cambridge71386 Kitchener16010111 Waterloo109541 Townships49192 In thinking about your feelings of safety in your downtown area at night, do you feel, very safe, somewhat safe, somewhat unsafe, or very unsafe? 2 (n = 600 =20.54,df = 10, p<.050) AgeVery SafeSomewhat SafeSomewhat Unsafe or Very Unsafe 18 to 24223030 25 to 34216524 35 to 44256738 45 to 54304439 55 to 64163331 65 plus193135 In thinking about your feelings of safety in your downtown area at night, do you feel, very safe, somewhat safe, somewhat unsafe, or very unsafe? 2 (n = 592 =11.29,df = 2, p<.005) ì ó ìî Very SafeSomewhat SafeSomewhat Unsafe or Very Unsafe Rent325265 Own100213130 In thinking about your feelings of safety in your downtown area at night, do you feel, very safe, somewhat safe, somewhat unsafe, or very unsafe? 2 (n = 599 =51.01,df = 2, p<.001) GenderVery SafeSomewhat SafeSomewhat Unsafe or Very Unsafe Female45114136 Male8815759 In thinking about your feelings of safety in your downtown area at night, do you feel, very safe, somewhat safe, somewhat unsafe, or very unsafe? 2 (n = 601 =74.72,df = 6, p<.001) CityVery SafeSomewhat SafeSomewhat Unsafe or Very Unsafe Cambridge165542 Kitchener34111118 Waterloo538028 Townships31249 ì ó ìí References  (n.d.) 2006 Census Bulletin 2. 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