HomeMy WebLinkAboutINS-14-037 - Stormwater Policy Review and Proposed Master Plan Staff Rep►�►r
I r Infrastruc�ture5ervrresDepartment wvwuukitchenerra
REPORT TO: Community and Infrastructure Services Committee
DATE OF MEETING: April 7, 2014
SUBMITTED BY: Nick Gollan C.E.T., Manager, Stormwater Utility
519-741-2200 X 7422
PREPARED BY: Nick Gollan C.E.T., Manager, Stormwater Utility
519-741-2200 X 7422
WARD(S) INVOLVED: All
DATE OF REPORT: March 20, 2014
REPORT NO.: INS 14-037
SUBJECT: Stormwater Policy Review and Proposed Master Plan
RECOMMENDATION:
That staff be directed to proceed with the development of Stormwater Master Plan as a
Municipal Class Schedule B Environmental Assessment to replace the 2001 Stormwater
Management Policy #I-1135.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY:
In 2012, City of Kitchener staff received direction from Council to review the Stormwater
Management Policy 1-1135 and report back to Council prior to December 31, 2013.
Recommendations will assist in developing a policy that is:
a) Consistent with the new stormwater utility model;
b) Ensures Cash-in-Lieu (CiL) practices are consistent with current initiatives;
c) Provides guidance for future audits, monitoring practices and new initiatives.
The policy review has now been completed and a number of gaps and inconsistencies with
current industry practices have been identified. Essentially, stormwater management practices
and relevant legislation has evolved significantly since the creation of the existing policy in 2001.
Given the advancements in the industry as well as the creation of the stormwater utility in 2010,
it is appropriate to initiate the development of a Comprehensive Stormwater Management
(SWM) Master Plan. In order to replace the existing policy a Schedule B Municipal Class
Environmental Assessment is required in order for the City to be in compliance with the
Environmental Assessment Act. A Comprehensive SWM Master Plan will serve as a decision
support tool, a methodology for the prioritization of works, a means to estimate future SWM
requirements and costs and a transparent community process by which the City can establish
stormwater management guidelines and policies for the next 10-15 years.
BACKGROUND:
The City of Kitchener Master Stormwater Management Policy was developed in 2001 through
assessing the existing approach to stormwater management, investigating options for modifying
the current approach and creating a strategy for a City-wide policy for stormwater. The purpose
of the 2001 policy was to streamline the current approach to stormwater management that often
required site-by site stormwater management measures.
7 - 1
Since 2001 key Federal, Provincial, Regional and local policies, guidelines, and regulations
have been amended or come into existence. The existing 2001 SWM Policy does not
adequately capture and/or represent these changes and potentially creates unnecessary risk
and liability for the City of Kitchener. In addition, the new City of Kitchener policies and by-laws
(most notably the City of Kitchener Storm Water Charges by-law), are also not captured within
the existing 2001 SWM Policy and it does not reflect the current direction of stormwater
management, financing and credits within the City.
Future provincial direction in regards to the development of municipal SWM Master Plans call
for the need to develop a `level-of-service' (LOS) for stormwater management, incorporate the
principles of asset management, and integrate the concept of Water Sustainability by linking
watershed goals and objectives for water, wastewater and stormwater. The completion of the
aforementioned within a Comprehensive SWM Master Plan context will likely be a future
requirement to access funding dollars from Provincial and Federal agencies.
It is important to acknowledge that the City of Kitchener is in a unique situation in the field of
municipal stormwater management as it currently has a funding model in place through the
establishment of a stormwater utility in 2010. The City is, however, in need of a strategic
planning document to guide the expenditure of the allocated funds. A Comprehensive
Stormwater Master Plan should serve as a decision support tool, a methodology for the
prioritization of works, a means to estimate future SWM requirements and costs and a
transparent community process by which the City can establish stormwater management
guidelines and policies for the next 10-15 years.
REPORT:
Comprehensive SWM Master Plans aim to identify, protect and enhance natural features,
ecological function, biophysical integrity, appropriately manage risks through the establishment
of environmental targets for water quality, water quantity, erosion, infiltration (water balance)
and guidance with respect to the protection of natural features. These plans also address
infrastructure issues such as flooding and form part of an overall asset management program.
Master Plans can be defined as long range holistic studies that are undertaken over logical
planning units. The long range planning approach enables the municipality to identify
opportunities and be proactive in addressing issues before they become a problem. It also
allows the municipality to implement individual works which, over time, collectively become part
of a larger management system. As part of the implementation phase of a Master Plan process,
policies and by-laws are identified and developed accordingly.
The existing 2001 Stormwater Management Policy #I-1135 was developed following the
Municipal Class Environmental Assessment. As such, a future Stormwater Master Plan must be
completed following a Master Planning approach in accordance with the Environmental
Assessment Act as outlined by the Municipal Engineer's Association Municipal Class
Environmental Assessment (MEA), October 2000, as amended in 2007 and 2011.
Study Goal
The main goal of a Comprehensive Stormwater Management Master Plan is to develop a long-
term plan for the safe and effective management of stormwater runoff from the City's urban
areas while improving the ecosystem health and ecological sustainability of the receiving
watersheds. The holistic plan shall consider the need to develop a `level-of-service' (LOS) for
stormwater management, incorporate the principles of asset management, as well as integrate
the concept of Water Sustainability by linking watershed goals and objectives for water,
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wastewater and stormwater. As part of the implementation phase of the Comprehensive
Stormwater Management Master Plan process, policies and by-laws shall be identified and
developed accordingly and the necessary revision to the current SWM Audit program shall be
completed to ensure compliance with the plan's goals, targets and objectives.
Study Objectives
The Stormwater Management Master Plan approach will consider flood and erosion control,
groundwater and surface water quality management, natural heritage environment management
and infrastructure, all in an integrated manner. In addition, the plan shall integrate existing
policies, regulations, acts and guidelines and where appropriate develop new policies to aid in
implementation and shall do so within a water sustainability context. The objectives of the
Stormwater Management Master Plan will include, but are not limited to, the following:
Water Quality
• Improve surface water and groundwater quality.
• Minimize sediment loading to surface water and groundwater.
Water Quantity
• Preserve and re-establish the natural hydrologic process to protect, restore and replenish
surface water and groundwater resources.
• Minimize the threat to life and property from flooding.
Erosion Control
• Reduce the impacts of erosion on aquatic and terrestrial habitat and property.
• Integrate stream erosion within a master planning process
Natural Environment
• Protect, enhance and restore natural features and functions such as wetlands, riparian and
ecological corridors.
• Improve warmwater and coldwater fisheries if appropriate.
Water Sustainability
• Integrate goals, objectives and targets for water resources (water, sanitary and storm).
• Improve stormwater infrastructure resiliency and adaptation in the context of climate change
Infrastructure
• Provide a level of service which is consistent with municipal and agency standards
Policy and Implementation
• Reflect the acts, policies and regulation developed or amended after 2001.
• Integration of Asset Management Plans for Stormwater which includes long-range forecast
and planning direction for many of the specific policy items and recommendations (i.e.
ponds, OGS and stream rehabilitation).
• Fundamentally integrate the Level of Service (LOS) model as detailed within the Asset
Management Report.
Study Targets
Identified through the study process, a series of targets which can be used to assess existing
conditions and evaluate the potential impact of proposed measures will be developed for each
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objective where applicable. Targets are developed both for the environment and for
infrastructure, an example of which is provided below:
• Environment target — for cold water fisheries (i.e. Strasburg Creek) would have in an in-
stream target for water quality, temperature and erosion.
• Infrastructure target — for trunk sewer lines (i.e. above 750mm 0) may include a no
surcharging standard for 10 year event.
ALIGNMENT WITH CITY OF KITCHENER STRATEGIC PLAN:
Community Priority - Environment
"Continue to show leadership in the development of an environmentally sustainable community."
The City continues to ensure effective functioning of stormwater infrastructure to maintain or
enhance aquatic and terrestrial habitat—striving for improved water quality and quantity control.
Community Priority— Development
'Advocate for and bring forward new technologies as the infrastructure of the future."
The City continues to be on the leading edge of implementing innovative solutions to mitigate
stormwater runoff while developing state-of-the-art sustainable infrastructure solutions.
FINANCIAL IMPLICATIONS:
The anticipated costs to develop a Comprehensive Stormwater Master Plan range from
$450,000 to $550,000 depending on the level of complexity. The Master Plan will be funded
from both the Development Charge Engineering Studies (1/0 59500784) and the SWM Utility
Implementation Plan (1/0 59500693).
COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT:
When following the Municipal Class EA process, public and stakeholder consultation is a
necessary component. As this is considered a Complex EA, a member of Council is invited to
participate on the Steering Committee. Furthermore, the Environmental Committee has
endorsed staff to advance this report for the recommendation to be approved by Council and
has also requested that one of their members participate on the Steering Committee.
CONCLUSION:
Since 2001, key Federal, Provincial, Regional and local policies, guidelines, and regulations
have been amended or come into existence. The existing 2001 SWM Policy does not
adequately capture and/or represent these changes and potentially creates unnecessary risk
and liability for the City of Kitchener. Given these changes in the industry and Kitchener's
relatively unique position of having funding dedicated to stormwater management, the timing is
now appropriate to initiate the development of a Comprehensive SWM Master Plan.
ACKNOWLEDGED BY: Pauline Houston, Deputy CAO
Infrastructure Services Department
Attachments
Appendix A: INS 14-031 Report to Environmental Committee
7 - 4
Staff Rep►�►r
I r Infrastruc�ture5ervrresDepartment wvwuukitchenerra
REPORT TO: Environmental Committee
DATE OF MEETING: March 20, 2014
SUBMITTED BY: Nick Gollan C.E.T., Manager, Stormwater Utility
519-741-2200 X 7422
PREPARED BY: Nick Gollan C.E.T., Manager, Stormwater Utility
519-741-2200 X 7422
WARD(S) INVOLVED: All
DATE OF REPORT: March 5, 2014
REPORT NO.: INS 14-031
SUBJECT: SWM Policy Review
RECOMMENDATION:
For Information Only.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY:
In 2012, City of Kitchener staff received direction from Council to review the Stormwater
Management Policy 1-1135 and report back to Council prior to December 31, 2013.
Recommendations will assist in developing a policy that is:
a) Consistent with the new stormwater utility model;
b) Ensures Cash-in-Lieu (CiL) practices are consistent with current initiatives;
c) Provides guidance for future audits, monitoring practices and new initiatives.
The policy review has now been completed and a number of gaps and inconsistencies with
current industry practices have been identified. Essentially, stormwater management practices
and relevant legislation have evolved significantly since the creation of the existing policy in
2001. Given the advancements in the industry as well as the creation of the stormwater utility in
2010, it is appropriate to initiate the development of a comprehensive Stormwater Management
Master Plan. In order to replace the existing policy a Schedule B Municipal Class Environmental
Assessment is required. A comprehensive Stormwater Management Master Plan will serve as a
decision support tool, a methodology for the prioritization of works, a means to estimate future
SWM requirements and costs and a transparent community process by which the City can
establish stormwater management guidelines and policies for the next 10-15 years.
BACKGROUND:
That staff be directed to proceed with the development of a Stormwater Management
Master Plan as a Municipal Class Schedule `B' Environmental Assessment to replace the
2001 Stormwater Management Policy #I-1135.
7 - 5
The City of Kitchener Master Stormwater Management Policy was developed in 2001 through
assessing the existing approach to stormwater management, investigating options for modifying
the current approach and creating a strategy for a City-wide policy for stormwater. The purpose
of the 2001 policy was to streamline the current approach to stormwater management that often
required site specific stormwater management measures.
The 2001 SWM Policy when originally drafted can generally be considered `State-of-the-Art' for
its time. However, since that time, the field of stormwater management has evolved to include
broader environmental objectives and targets for not only water quality, quantity and erosion
control, but now include a greater focus on water budget (infiltration) considerations, as well as
the protection of aquatic and terrestrial habitats and groundwater resources. Whereas the older
plans primarily focused on infrastructure requirements, newer plans provide a balance between
environmental and infrastructure requirements. In additional climate change resiliency,
adaptation and mitigation must now be considered as part of stormwater design and
implementation and consideration must also be given to shared goals and objectives among
water supply, wastewater and stormwater systems.
Since 2001 key Federal, Provincial, Regional and local policies, guidelines, and regulations
have been amended or come into existence. The existing 2001 SWM Policy does not
adequately capture and or represent these changes and potentially creates unnecessary risk
and liability for the City of Kitchener. In addition, the new City of Kitchener policies and by-laws
(most notably the City of Kitchener Storm Water Charges by-law), are also not captured within
the existing 2001 SWM Policy and it does not reflect the current direction of stormwater
management, financing and credits within the City.
The existing 2001 SWM Policy also requires the completion of an annual SWM Audit. The
current SWM Audit as prescribed within the 2001 SWM Policy was developed as a result of the
completion of a Master Plan process. As such, substantial revisions to the current SWM Audit
program should occur as a result of the completion of a similar Master Planning process and
subsequent policy development.
Future provincial direction in regards to the development of municipal SWM Master Plans call
for the need to develop a `level-of-service' (LOS) for stormwater management, incorporate the
principles of asset management, and integrate the concept of Water Sustainability by linking
watershed goals and objectives for water, wastewater and stormwater. The completion of the
aforementioned within a comprehensive Stormwater Master Plan context will likely be a future
requirement to access funding dollars from Provincial and Federal agencies.
It is important to acknowledge that the City of Kitchener is in a unique situation in the field of
municipal stormwater management as it currently has a funding model in place through the
establishment of a stormwater utility in 2010. The City is, however, in need of a strategic
planning document to guide the expenditure of the allocated funds. A comprehensive
Stormwater Master Plan should serve as a decision support tool, a methodology for the
prioritization of works, a means to estimate future SWM requirements and costs and a
transparent community process by which the City can establish stormwater management
guidelines and policies for the next 10-15 years.
As a component of the 2013 City of Kitchener Stormwater Management Audit being undertaken
by Aquafor Beech Ltd., a SWM policy background and industry practices review has been
included within the project scope. The overall project has five (5) steps which include:
1. A review of existing policies, guidelines, and legislation, supported by an update memo.
7 - 6
2. Review the City of Kitchener SWM Policy (Policy # 1-1135) December 10, 2001,
supported by broad policy recommendations.
3. Identify components of the existing City Wide SWM Audit program requirements that may
not require an annual audit/review to take place per the terms of the original City of
Kitchener SWM Policy (Policy # 1-1135) December 10, 2001. Where possible, efficiencies
will be identified.
4. Development of a recommended scope for future Stormwater Master Plan, supported by
• Executive summary of Stormwater Master Plan goals and objectives, and
• A table of contents for the proposed Stormwater Master Plan.
5. Preparation of a Draft and Final Report outlining all findings and providing justification for
all recommendations.
This report addresses Steps 1 through 5 above.
Context
During the past three decades, there has been an evolution in stormwater management (see
inset figure below) in an effort to address downstream conditions resulting from urbanization. In
the early 1980s, stormwater management focused solely on controlling the quantity of runoff
and providing flood protection through rapid conveyance measures. By the early 1990s, water
quality and downstream erosion control were given additional focus. Today, with improvements
in watershed management and our understanding of the watersheds themselves, stormwater
management now addresses a broad suite of issues including stream morphology, the
protection of groundwater resources, fish habitat, and terrestrial habitat (primarily wetlands).
Evolution of stormwater management
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Stormwater runoff from urban areas may degrade the environment both during construction
activities and post-development. Post construction pollutant loadings from urbanized areas are
significant. Common pollutants include heavy metals from automobiles and air emissions,
nutrients, fertilizers, chlorides from road de-icers, bacterial contamination from animal wastes,
and toxic contamination from a variety of commercial and industrial sources. These pollutants,
when conveyed to the receiving water bodies, impact the environment in many ways. The
particulate (those that can be settled) and dissolved contaminants stress aquatic ecosystems by
depleting oxygen, covering habitat or through the bio-accumulation or bio-concentration of
contaminants in the tissues of various aquatic species. In addition, receiving waters can also be
effected by thermal impacts resulting from an increase in ambient water temperatures.
Rigorous scientific research, evaluating the range of stormwater management treatment strate-
gies, has produced an overwhelming amount of evidence that pipe and pond stormwater
treatment strategies do not meet general water quality and erosion objectives and are resulting
in longer periods of elevated flow, thermal enrichment of surface water bodies and increased
pollutant loadings. Many recent Subwatershed studies and Master Drainage Plans themselves
recognized this shortcoming, and are recommending overall water management strategies that
meet the goals, objectives and targets using a combination of stormwater management
practices distributed across a catchment, which include source controls, the maximization of
pervious surfaces and therefore infiltration, conveyance and end-of-pipe controls as part of a
holistic strategy.
As such, future stormwater management strategies will require an innovative, state of the art
approach to stormwater management by first and foremost treating runoff (precipitation) at its
source, as a resource to be managed and protected rather than a waste. In this regard, the
emphasis in managing runoff is to retain/maintain the existing infiltration of water into the ground
using best management practices (BMPs) that are consistent with the Ministry of the
Environment's treatment train approach to stormwater management, the TRCA/CVC LID
stormwater Planning and Design Guide and others.
It is important to note the process by which the current SWM Audit was developed as well as
the process by which revisions could occur in the future. The current SWM Audit is prescribed
within the 2001 SWM Policy which was developed as a result of the completion of a Master Plan
process through a Schedule B Municipal Class EA in 2001. As required in accordance with the
Environmental Assessment Act as outlined by the Municipal Engineer's Association Municipal
Class Environmental Assessment (MEA), October 2000, as amended in 2007 and 2011, in
order to develop a comprehensive Stormwater Master Plan to replace the existing 2001 SWM
Policy a Schedule B EA is required. New stormwater management policies and SWM Audit
revisions should be endorsed by the Implementation Committee consisting of the City, the
Grand River Conservation Authority (GRCA) and the Region of Waterloo.
REPORT:
As a component of the 2013 City of Kitchener Stormwater Management Audit, a SWM policy
background and industry practices review has been completed. The following Section is
intended to satisfy Step 2 of the Study process, as detailed previously, namely:
Review the City of Kitchener SWM Policy (Policy # 1-1135) December 10, 2001,
supported by broad policy recommendations.
7 - 8
The purpose of this review is to identify deficiencies within the 2001 policy with respect to noted
policies as well as the current `state of the art' of stormwater management in Ontario and
provide direction with respect to updating the existing 2001 policy to comply with current
Federal, Provincial, Regional and agency regulations and policies.
General
The existing SWM Policy when written in 2001 can generally be considered `state of the art' for
its time. It included provisions for novel stormwater management techniques including:
• Pollution prevention;
• Source controls;
• Conveyance facilities (infiltration, exfiltration) within the road right-of-way;
• Encouragement for stormwater infiltration; and
• SWM Retrofits (primarily the conversion of dry-ponds to wet ponds for water quality).
However, since that time, the field of stormwater management has evolved to include broader
environmental objectives and targets for not only water quality, quantity and erosion control, but
now include a greater focus on water budget (infiltration) considerations, as well as the
protection of aquatic and terrestrial habitats and groundwater resources. In addition climate
change resiliency, adaptation and mitigation must now be considered as part of stormwater
design and implementation.
Through the review of the 2001 City of Kitchener Stormwater Management Policy, the following
items are highlighted under the general categories of:
• Existing Guidance
• Policy
• Asset Management
• Natural Environment
• Planning
• Climate Change
Existing Guidance
1. The existing 2001 SWM Policy in general focuses on end-of-pipe controls, with some
provisions for source and conveyance controls, and does not specifically call for the use of a
Treatment Train Approach to stormwater management consistent with the MOE 2003
Stormwater Planning and Design Guide and more recent guidance documents such as:
• Low Impact Development Stormwater Management Planning and Design Guide
(TRCA/CVC, 2010 V1.0)
• Stormwater Management Criteria (CVC, Draft March 2012- Pending)
• Stormwater Management Criteria (TRCA, August 2012, V 1.0)
• MOE Low Impact Development Stormwater Retrofit Guides (5):
1. How-To Guide: Planning LID Retrofits at the Municipal Level (Pending)
2. Grey to Green: Road Retrofits: Optimizing Your Infrastructure Assets
Thorough LID (Draft, 2013)
3. Grey to Green: Public Lands Retrofits: Optimizing Parks, Public Buildings,
Schools and Places of Worship Through LID (Draft, 2013)
4. Grey to Green Business & Multi-residential Retrofits: Optimizing Your
Bottom Line Through LID (Draft, 2013)
5. Grey To Green: Marketing LID Retrofits to Homeowners (Draft, 2013)
7 - 9
Policy
2. The existing 2001 SWM Policy is inconsistent with the current stormwater direction of the
City of Kitchener, specifically the establishment of the Stormwater Utility in 2010, including:
• Stormwater credit program to incentivize the implementation of on-site (source)
controls
• Use of broader source and conveyance controls i.e. Low Impact Development (LID)
stormwater management practices
• Community outreach and educational programs (RAIN & REEP Green Solutions)
intended to link citizens with stormwater and landscape professionals.
3. Any update of the 2001 SWM Policy should consider future Provincial requirement for Water
Sustainability Plans which integrate planning for water resources (water, sanitary and
storm).
4. The existing 2001 policy does not reflect acts, policies and regulation developed or
amended after 2001, including the following (most important as it relates to stormwater):
• Recent modifications and amendments to the Fisheries Act
• Species at Risk Act (2002) and Endangered Species Act (2007), specifically as it relates
to the Potential aquatic Species at Risk (SAR) identified with the City of Kitchener
• Recent modifications and amendments to exemptions status for Industrial lands
(Consolidation Period: From July 26, 2007 to Current), specifically subsection 53(1) and
(3)
• Clean Water Act (2006), through the protection of existing and future sources of drinking
water through the development of Source Protection Plans (SPP). Threatened areas
are defines as :
• Highly vulnerable aquifers,
• Significant groundwater recharge areas (SGRA),
• Wellhead protection areas (WHPA), and
• Surface water intake protection zones (IPZ).
• Region of Waterloo Regional Official Plan Policies (ROP, 2009), specifically as it relates
to Stormwater management and groundwater protection.
• Region of Waterloo Proposed Source Protection Plan Policies (January 16, 2013)
• Grand River Water Management Plan — Stormwater (V3.3, 2013)
5. Future updates to the existing 2001 SWM Policy should consider, the following as it relates
to future policy implications resulting from Approved Source Protection Plans (SPP):
• Approval of the proposed SPP by the Ministry of the Environment is anticipated in
mid-2014, at which time the Region will work with its municipalities to adopt an
Official Plan Amendment to conform with the significant threat policies within five (5)
years from the date the Source Protection Plan comes into effect or the next Official
Plan review required under Section 26 of the Planning Act whichever comes first.
7 - 10
• All Zoning By-law Amendments to conform with the significant threat policies shall
be completed within two (2) years from the adoption of the Official Plan conformity
amendment.
Natural Environment
6. The existing 2001 SWM Policy in general focuses on stream restoration as an acceptable
approach to providing water quality improvements, but does not holistically integrate stream
restoration and or erosion within a master planning process.
Asset Management
7. The existing 2001 SWM Policy does not reflect the recently completed Asset Management
Plan for Stormwater (2013) which includes long-range forecast and planning direction for
many of the specific policy items and recommendations (i.e. ponds, OGS and stream
rehabilitation).
The 2010 Water Opportunities Act which has the overarching objective to improve the
efficiency of municipal infrastructure, specifically the identification of innovative, cost
effective solutions for drinking water, sewage and stormwater systems. Building on
Municipal Asset Management Plans, and the establishment of a Level of Service (LOS) for
stormwater management, in the future the province will be requiring the development of
Sustainability Plans for water, wastewater and stormwater. These Water Sustainability Plans
will look at water resources in the context of the overall system such that cost effective
expenditures can be identified (i.e. increased infiltration of stormwater so as to increase the
capacity of existing drinking water wells and defer the requirements for additional investment
in the drinking water system). A Water Sustainability Plan will constitute a future municipal
requirement to access funding from the Ministry of Infrastructure (MOI).
As such, any update of the 2001 SWM Policy should fundamentally integrate the Level of
Service (LOS) model as detailed within the Asset Management Report and should consider
future provincial requirements for Water Sustainability Plans to ensure future funding can be
accessed by the City of Kitchener.
Planning
8. The existing 2001 SWM Policy does not reflect / integrate the Draft Official Plan — Natural
Heritage and Environmental Management and landscape-level opportunities for stormwater
management systems to enhance the natural heritage.
Climate Change
9. The existing 2001 SWM Policy lacks specific policy requirements relating to infrastructure
resiliency and adaptation in the context of climate change, as contained within Water
Opportunities Act and Ontario Water Resources Act which reference the need to adapt and
plan for climate change. Non-consideration for the above may leave the municipality
vulnerable to future legal action and or claims of negligence (legal precedents are actively
evolving in this regard).
7 - 11
Appendix 1 attached summarizes the results of the specific review of the 2001 City of Kitchener
Stormwater Management Policy #1-1135. Relevant sections are indicated.
Monitoring Program Review
The purpose of this section is to identify components of the existing City of Kitchener SWM
Audit program requirements that may not require an annual audit/review to take place per the
terms of the original City of Kitchener SWM Policy (Policy # 1-1135) December 10, 2001. Where
possible, efficiencies have been identified.
The 2001 SWM Policy recommended that the City implement a cash-in-lieu (CiL) policy to be
applied to site plans which met the prerequisite criteria in order to permit the City to construct
centralized water quality control facilities rather than implementing on-site stormwater
infrastructure. The CiL policy permitted the City to implement water quality controls while
eliminating the concerns as to the ability of the municipality to enforce or incentivize ongoing
maintenance of private infrastructure.
As part of the recommendations of the 2001 Stormwater Management Policy, a city-wide
monitoring program was recommended to ensure that the implementation of the Stormwater
Master Plan was proceeding and to ensure there was a "net gain" to the municipal SWM system
(i.e. more spatial area to receive quality control treatment vs. private land area that contributes
CIL on an annual basis). The city-wide monitoring program (audit) has been conducted annually
since 2001.
Since 2001 the monitoring program focused on surface water quality (chemical and
bacteriological) and invertebrate and fish community sampling (biological) to identify and
monitor the impact of the SWM Policy Implementation. Per the 2001 Policy (6xi to 6xii), the
SWM audit required the following:
1. Monitoring and reporting by an independent consultant. Implementation monitoring to
include:
• Review of retrofits, new ponds, and OGS
• Review of creek rehabilitations
• Accounting of re-development and infill area within the City
• Review of in-stream monitoring results
2. In stream monitoring — seven (7) stations monitored annually, 5 core stations and 2 non-
core stations.
3. Formation of an Implementation Committee consisting of the City, the Grand River
Conservation Authority (GRCA), the Region of Waterloo and the Independent
consultant. The committee is to review all recommendations and reporting.
In general the monitoring program as prescribed in the 2001 SWM Policy has remained largely
unchanged. Minor alterations included the sampling of heavy metals for the seven stations,
continuous water temperature, flow monitoring at two (2) for the seven station annually as well
as winter water quality sampling commenced in 2012. Since its inception, sampling stations
within the City have expanded to more than 25 stations, including the 5 core stations.
8 of 27
7 - 12
Per the recommendations of the 2012 SWM Audit Technical Memorandum, the 2013, SWM
Audit program was revised to provide improved water quality data through the use of flow
proportionate water quality sampling to develop Event Mean Concentrations (EMCs) using
automated water quality sampling procedures and equipment. The invertebrate and fish
community sampling (biological) remained unchanged. In 2013, the monitoring of 33
stormwater facilities located within source protection areas per the Region of Waterloo's draft
policy for the protection plan (Ontario Clean Water Act) were included in the program. In
addition, in 2013, water quality analysis was performed by an accredited independent
laboratory.
The recommendations of the 2012 SWM Audit proposed the continuation and expansion of flow
proportionate water quality sampling to develop Event Mean Concentrations (EMCs) for all
Kitchener sampling stations in order to establish baseline conditions and define the benefits of
SWM works consistent with the future comprehensive SWM Master Plan.
Recommendations and Efficiencies
Based on the review of the above, recommendations and efficiencies are identified for the
general program, in-stream monitoring and the implementation committee.
General Program
1. It was previously recommended within the 2001 SWM Policy that the City employ an
independent consultant to perform the monitoring and reporting to ensure
accountability and transparency. In general, a high level of knowledge of industry
standard sampling procedures and specialized training are required to perform
sampling and analyze results. In the short term use of an independent consultant may
be most effective, however in the future internalization by the City of sampling efforts
and analysis may be warranted.
2. It is recommended that the in stream monitoring consist of the following:
o Water quality - flow proportionate water quality sampling using automated water
quality sampling procedures and equipment to develop Event Mean
Concentrations (EMCs). Per the current SWM Audit program, the City has
committed to purchasing two (2) automated water quality sampling units with the
intent of developing EMCs for the five (5) core stations by 2015, followed by the
non-core stations in subsequent years. It is recommended that future water
quality sampling be revised to include:
■ Flow proportionate water quality sampling for (2) stations annually using
automated water quality sampling procedures and equipment to develop
EMCs. EMCs will provide the City with the ability to better quantify in-
stream water quality in regards to Provincial Water Quality Objectives
(PWQO) for various representative pollutants. Station locations are
recommended to rotate annually to include all core stations, followed by
non-core stations. This recommendation would reduce the overall
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sampling effort (reduced number of analyzed samples) while providing
improved data resolution and comparative analysis.
■ All grab sampling, with the exception dry weather grab sampling of three
(3) events for 5 stations annually to identify spills and illicit discharges,
should be eliminated from the program. Grab samples provide only an
instantaneous concentration during an event period and does not provide
an indication of pollutant loadings. Grab samples are also difficult to
develop accurate comparisons between watercourses and from year-to-
year. Station locations are recommended to rotate annually per the
recommendations of the external consultant and the Implementation
Committee. By eliminating wet weather grab sampling from the program
this recommendation would reduce the overall sampling effort (reduced
number of analyzed samples). The level of effort for dry weather
sampling would remain unchanged from previous years.
• Water quantity — continuous flow monitoring for two (2) stations annually
corresponding to the flow proportionate water quality sampling stations. Station
locations are recommended to rotate annually to include all core stations,
followed by non-core stations. The level of sampling effort would remain
unchanged from previous years, but would allow for improved efficiency
(professional time) and reduced equipment costs.
• Temperature Monitoring - continuous temperature monitoring for two (2)
stations annually corresponding to the flow proportionate water quality sampling
stations. Station locations are recommended to rotate annually to include all core
stations, followed by non-core stations. The level of effort would remain
unchanged from previous years.
• Invertebrate Community Sampling — Benthic macroinvertebrate monitoring
should be continued on an annual basis for each site. The benthic community
composition can change very quickly if habitat quality changes (benthics have
limited mobility and a short life span), therefore monitoring is best conducted
frequently. The results would continue to be compared to previous years, to
track changes over time. Results provide a measure of how the benthic
community has changed over time and is an excellent indication of in-stream
conditions. The level of effort would remain unchanged from previous years.
• Fish Community Sampling - For each sampling station, it is recommended that
annual data be collected for a minimum of two (2) years to establish baseline
conditions. This requirement may not be required for stations with a significant
sampling history from previous years. After baseline conditions have been
established, monitoring can be conducted per the following:
• Stations with no identified sensitive species — sampling may be
conducted at a reduced frequency (bi-annual or longer). Station locations
are recommended to rotate annually per the recommendations of the
external consultant and the Implementation Committee.
• Stations where sensitive species have been identified, monitoring may be
conducted at an increased frequency (annual basis). If sensitive species
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are found at a station where no sensitive species have been previously
identified, monitoring should be conducted at an increased frequency for
subsequent years.
This recommendation has the potential to reduce the overall sampling effort
(reduced number of analyzed samples) by assigning sampling effort and budget
on a priority basis relating to those stations with sensitive species.
o Stormwater Management Facility Sampling — the requirement to continue this
sampling effort in the future is unclear at this time and should be investigated
further as Source Protection Plans are finalized and accepted by the Province.
Consideration should be given within any future Master Planning process and
recommendations vetted through the Implementation Committee.
3. It is recommended that future SWM Audits continue to include an Implementation
Committee consisting of the City, the Grand River Conservation Authority (GRCA), the
Region of Waterloo and the independent consultant if required. The committee would
continue to review all recommendation and reporting.
Stormwater Master Plan
As a component of the 2013 City of Kitchener Stormwater Management Audit being undertaken
by Aquafor Beech Ltd., a SWM policy background and industry practices review has been
completed. Also included within the project scope is the development of a recommended scope
for a future Stormwater Master Plan, supported by:
• Executive summary of Stormwater Master Plan goals and objectives
• A table of contents for the proposed Stormwater Master Plan
The following section is intended to outline the future scope of a Stormwater Master Plan
intended to update the existing 2001 City of Kitchener Stormwater Management Policy.
Purpose
Master plans aim to identify, protect and enhance natural features, ecological function,
biophysical integrity, appropriately manage risks through the establishment of environmental
targets for water quality, water quantity, erosion, infiltration (water balance) and guidance with
respect to the protection of natural features. These plans also address infrastructure issues
such as flooding and form part of an overall asset management program.
Master plans can be defined as long range holistic studies that are undertaken over logical
planning units. The long range planning approach enables the municipality to identify
opportunities and be proactive in addressing issues before they become a problem. It also
allows the municipality to implement individual works which, over time, collectively become part
of a larger management system. As part of the implementation phase of a Master Plan process,
policies and by-laws are identified and developed accordingly.
EA Process
As previously mentioned, the existing 2001 Stormwater Management Policy #I-1135 was
developed following the Municipal Class Environmental Assessment. As such, a future
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Stormwater Master Plan must be completed following a Master Planning approach in
accordance with the Environmental Assessment Act as outlined by the Municipal Engineer's
Association Municipal Class Environmental Assessment (MEA), October 2000, as amended in
2007 and 2011.
The Environmental Assessment Act was legislated by the Province of Ontario in 1980 to ensure
that an Environmental Assessment is conducted prior to the onset of development and
development related (servicing) projects. Depending on the individual project or Master Plan to
be completed, there are different processes that municipalities must follow in order to meet
Ontario's Environmental Assessment requirements.
A comprehensive Stormwater Management Master Plan study shall be prepared following a
Master Planning approach under the Municipal Class Environmental Assessment Process. The
long range planning approach that is undertaken within the process will enable the City of
Kitchener to identify opportunities and be proactive in addressing issues before they become a
problem. It will also allow the City to implement individual works which, over time, collectively
become part of a larger management system.
A Class EA is an approved planning document that defines groups of projects and activities and
the environmental assessment (EA) process which the proponent commits to for each project
undertaking. Provided the process is followed, projects and activities included under the Class
EA do not require formal review and approval under the EA Act. In this fashion the Class EA
process expedites the environmental assessment of smaller recurring projects. The Municipal
Class Environmental Assessment Master Planning process to be followed is illustrated in Figure
1, and may involve up to five phases of assessment. These phases include:
• Phase 1: Establish the Problem or Opportunity
• Phase 2: Identify and Assess Alternative Solutions to the Problem, and Select a
Preferred Alternative
• Phase 3: Identify and Assess Alternative Design Concepts for the Preferred Solution,
and Select a Preferred Design Concept.
• Phase 4: Prepare an Environmental Study Report
• Phase 5: Proceed with Design and Implementation.
Public and agency consultation is an important and necessary component of the five phases.
12 of 27
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N PRO,
EXHIBIT A.2 MUNKIP.U,CLASS,EA PLAYNIN AND DESIG CESS
.VOTE. 'Poi.floi&charf� to he read m r0r#VJn07QP!w0l Pan I qf 0AV Jbvfrcgpal Cla"EA
PHASE 1 PHASE. 2 PHASE 3 PHASE 4 PHASE. 5
........................................................................................................................................
-------- - ----01.1 ------ ......... ---------f-------
............ ...............
M.
'in-- rnmcwr
............... 11111"Ll
-----------------
...........
1 1 6 11,
.......................... ..................
.... -------------- 1-1,X C�,111 i.:"A'U
X
Figure 1: MEA Planning and Design Process
In partial fulfillment of Ontario's Environmental Assessment requirements, a Master Plan must
satisfy at least the first two phases of the Class Environmental Assessment process. Depending
on the type of Master Plan to be completed, Phases 3 and 4 may also be required.
The Municipal Engineers Association's Class EA document also identifies four (4) different
approaches to completing Master Plans corresponding to different levels of assessment.
Regardless of the approach selected, all Master Plans must follow at least the first two phases
of the Class Environmental Assessment process (Figure 1).
• Approach 1, the most common approach, is to follow Phases 1 and 2 as defined above,
then use the Master Plan as a basis for future investigations of site specific Schedule 'B'
and 'C' projects. Any Schedule 'B' and 'C' projects that need specific Phase 2 work as
well as Phases 3 and 4 work, usually have this deferred until the actual project is
implemented.
• Approach 2, is to complete all of the work necessary for Schedule 'B' site specific
projects at the time they are identified. Using this approach, a municipality would identify
everything it needed in the first five years and would complete all the site specific work
required, including public consultation to meet Class EA requirements. The Master Plan
in such cases has to be completed with enough detail so that the public in site specific
locations can be reasonably informed, and so that the approving government Agencies
(Conservation Authorities, Ministry of Natural Resources, Federal Department of
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Fisheries and Oceans, Transportation Canada etc.) can be satisfied, in principal, that
their concerns will be addressed before construction commences.
• Approach 3, is to complete the requirements of Schedule `B' and Schedule `C' at the
Master Plan stage.
• Approach 4, is to integrate approvals under the EA and Planning Acts. For example, the
preparation of new or amended Official Plans could be undertaken simultaneously with
Master Plans for water, wastewater and transportation, and approval for both sought
through the same process.
Typically Stormwater Management Master Plans are completed under Approach 1 or 2,
whereby the study satisfies Phases 1 and 2 of the Municipal Class EA, however the approach
may be selected by the municipality based on project specific goals, overall project budget,
anticipated implementation budget and schedule, as well as available study resources (previous
studies and staff time).
Scope of Master Plan
Based on the completed review, municipal consultation and previous master planning plans
completed by neighboring municipalities, the scope for proposed stormwater master plan for the
City of Kitchener is outlined below.
Study Goal
The main goal of a comprehensive Stormwater Management Master Plan is to develop a long-
term plan for the safe and effective management of stormwater runoff from the City's urban
areas while improving the ecosystem health and ecological sustainability of the receiving
watersheds. The holistic plan shall consider the need to develop a `level-of-service' (LOS) for
stormwater management, incorporate the principles of asset management, as well as integrate
the concept of Water Sustainability by linking watershed goals and objectives for water,
wastewater and stormwater. As part of the implementation phase of the comprehensive
Stormwater Management Master Plan process, policies and by-laws shall be identified and
developed accordingly and the necessary revision to the current SWM Audit program shall be
completed to ensure compliance with the plan's goals, targets and objectives.
Study Objectives
The Stormwater Management Master Plan approach will consider flood and erosion control,
groundwater and surface water quality management, natural heritage environment management
and infrastructure, all in an integrated manner. In addition, the plan shall integrate existing
policies, regulations, acts and guidelines and where appropriate develop new policies to aid in
implementation and shall do so within a water sustainability context. The objectives of the
Stormwater Management Master Plan will include, but are not limited to, the following:
Water Quality
• Improve surface water and groundwater quality.
• Minimize sediment loading to surface water and groundwater.
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Water Quantity
• Preserve and re-establish the natural hydrologic process to protect, restore and
replenish surface water and groundwater resources.
• Minimize the threat to life and property from flooding.
Erosion Control
• Reduce the impacts of erosion on aquatic and terrestrial habitat and property.
• Integrate stream erosion within a master planning process
Natural Environment
• Protect, enhance and restore natural features and functions such as wetlands, riparian
and ecological corridors.
• Improve warmwater and coldwater fisheries if appropriate.
Water Sustainability
• Integrate goals, objectives and targets for water resources (water, sanitary and storm).
• Improve stormwater infrastructure resiliency and adaptation in the context of climate
change
Infrastructure
• Provide a level of service which is consistent with municipal and agency standards
Policy and Implementation
• Reflect the acts, policies and regulation developed or amended after 2001.
• Integration of Asset Management Plans for Stormwater which includes long-range
forecast and planning direction for many of the specific policy items and
recommendations (i.e. ponds, OGS and stream rehabilitation).
• Fundamentally integrate the Level of Service (LOS) model as detailed within the Asset
Management Report.
Study Targets
Identified through the study process, a series of targets which can be used to assess existing
conditions and evaluate the potential impact of proposed measures will be developed for each
objective where applicable. Targets are developed both for the environment and for
infrastructure, an example of which is provided below:
• Environment target — for cold water fisheries (i.e. Strasburg Creek) would have in an in-
stream target for water quality, temperature and erosion.
• Infrastructure target — for trunk sewer lines (i.e. above 750mm 0) may include a no
surcharging standard for 10 year event.
General Study Process
In general the study process can be divided into 5 tasks:
Task 1: Study Area Characterization,
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Task 2: Analysis and Assessment of Stormwater Management System (Infrastructure and
environment),
Task 3: Evaluation/Assessment of Alternatives,
Task 4: Develop Preferred Stormwater Management Strategy & Implementation Plan, and
Task 5: Final Reporting.
The study area can be delineated by varying scales, including by subwatershed and sewershed
but can also be divided into management units. Where appropriate (i.e. large areas or complex
landscape patterns) can be divided into discrete management units. Of particular relevance will
be the division of management units based on opportunities for individual BMP techniques (soil
permeability, depth to bedrock, slope and depth to eater table) using a Landscaped Based
Approach to Stormwater Management whereby development form, servicing and stormwater
management strategies are defined by biophysical, hydrological, and ecological attributes of the
existing landscape.
In this context it is critical to acknowledge the interconnection of the municipal stormwater
management infrastructure, the surface water system and its ecological attributes. A common
mistake in Master Plans is to complete the study in isolation, whereby the analysis of
stormwater management is terminated at the outlet to the receiver without consideration for the
receive itself. In keeping with future Provincial requirements for Water Sustainability Plans, it is
much more appropriate to consider and set in-stream targets and apply them to municipal
infrastructure requirements.
ALIGNMENT WITH CITY OF KITCHENER STRATEGIC PLAN:
Community Priority - Environment
"Continue to show leadership in the development of an environmentally sustainable community."
The City continues to ensure effective functioning of stormwater infrastructure to maintain or
enhance aquatic and terrestrial habitat—striving for improved water quality and quantity control.
Community Priority— Development
'Advocate for and bring forward new technologies as the infrastructure of the future."
The City continues to be on the leading edge of implementing innovative solutions to mitigate
stormwater runoff while developing state-of-the-art sustainable infrastructure solutions.
FINANCIAL IMPLICATIONS:
The anticipated cost to develop a comprehensive Stormwater Master Plan ranges from
$450,000 to $550,000 depending on the level of complexity. The Master Plan will be funded
from both the Development Charge Engineering Studies (1/0 59500784) and the SWM Utility
Implementation Plan (1/0 59500693).
COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT:
When following the Municipal Class EA process public and stakeholder consultation is a
necessary component. As this is considered a Complex EA, a member of Council is requested
to participate on the project team/steering committee. Additionally, the Environmental
Committee will be engaged in the process of developing the Stormwater Master Plan.
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CONCLUSION:
Since 2001 key Federal, Provincial, Regional and local policies, guidelines, and regulations
have been amended or come into existence. The existing 2001 SWM Policy does not
adequately capture and or represent these changes and potentially creates unnecessary risk
and liability for the City of Kitchener. In addition, the new City of Kitchener policies and by-laws
(most notably the City of Kitchener Storm Water Charges by-law), are also not captured within
the existing 2001 SWM Policy and it does not reflect the current direction of stormwater
management, financing and credits within the City. Given these changes in the industry and
Kitchener's relatively unique position of having funding dedicated to stormwater management,
the timing is now appropriate to initiate the development of a comprehensive Stormwater Master
Plan.
ACKNOWLEDGED BY: Barbara Robinson, M.A.Sc., P.Eng., Director of Engineering
Engineering Services
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Appendix 2: Conceptual Master Plan Table of Contents
Provided below is a suggested table of contents (TOC) for the City of Kitchener SWM Master
Plan. It is suggested that the TOC shall be refined throughout the study process with input from
City staff, a Technical Advisory Committee (TAC) and the consultant team.
Executive Summary
List of Figures
List of Tables
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Purpose of the Study
1.2 Problem Identification
1.3 Rationale for this Study
1.4 Goals, Objectives and Targets
1.5 The Class Environmental Assessment Process
1.6 Public Consultation
1.7 Study Process
2 STUDY AREA DESCRIPTION AND EXISTING CONDITIONS
2.1 General
2.2 Study Areas
2.3 Physiography
2.4 Geology
2.5 Soils and Infiltration Potential
2.6 Hydrogeology
2.7 Natural Heritage
2.8 Fisheries
2.9 Water Quality
2.9.1 Key Water Quality Parameters
2.9.2 Water Quality Analysis
2.9.3 Review of Water Quality Issues
2.10 Stormwater Management
2.10.1 Existing Stormwater Management
2.10.2 Planned Stormwater Management
2.11 Watershed Based Water Supply Requirements
2.12 Watershed Based Wastewater Requirements
3 SUMMARY OF RELEVANT DOCUMENTS
3.1 Federal Level
3.2 Provincial Level
3.3 Local Level
4 ENVIRONMENTAL & INFRASTRCUTURE GOALS, OBJECTIVES & TARGETS
4.1 Environmental Goals, Objectives and Targets
4.2 Infrastructure Goals, Objectives and Targets
5 DEVELOPMENT OF A LONG LIST OF ALTERNATIVE SOLUTIONS
5.1 Identify Stormwater Management Practices and Options
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5.2 The Long list of Alternative Methods
5.2.1 Pollution Prevention/ Municipal Management/Operational
Practices
5.2.2 Source Control Measures
5.2.3 Conveyance Control Measures
5.2.4 End-of-Pipe Measures
5.2.5 Infrastructure Measures
5.2.6 Ecological Restoration Measures
6 SOURCE CONTROL MEASURES
6.1 Feasibility Assessment - General Procedure
6.2 Social Marketing Research
6.3 Social Marketing Strategy
6.4 Strategic Partnerships
6.5 Field reconnaissance for residential and commercial/industrial land uses
6.6 Meetings and discussion with municipal staff
6.7 Coordination with existing municipal programs
6.8 Summary of physical, social and political constraints and opportunities
7 CONVEYANCE CONTROL MEASURES
7.1 Feasibility Assessment - General Procedure
7.2 Meetings with Municipal Staff
7.3 Field work for representative municipal right-of-way configurations
7.4 Desktop Analysis of constraints/opportunities for conveyance controls
7.5 Meetings and discussion with municipal staff
7.6 Coordination with Capital roads works
7.7 Conclusions
8 END-OF-PIPE MEASURES
8.1 Feasibility Analysis
8.1.1 Field Reconnaissance and Desktop Analysis
8.2 Previously Planned SWM Facility Opportunities
8.3 Retrofit Opportunities
8.4 New SWM Facility Opportunities
8.5 Subsurface Storage Facilities
8.6 Expected Benefits of Implementation
9 INFRASTRUCTURE MEASURES
9.1 Feasibility Assessment
9.2 Hydraulic Assessment
9.3 Definition of Deficient Areas/ Level of Service
10 DEVELOPMENT &ASSESSMENT OF EROSION CONTROL STRATEGIES
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Objective
10.3 Previous Studies for Erosion Control and Restoration Planning
10.4 Field Investigation
10.5 Erosion Inventory and Evaluation Program
10.5.1 Field Evaluation
10.5.2 Reporting
10.5.3 Prioritization of Erosion Sites for Capital Works
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10.6 Area Restoration and Erosion Master Planning
11 EVALUATION OF ALTERNATIVES
11.1 General
11.2 Categories of Alternatives
11.2.1 Pollution Prevention and Municipal Management/Operational
Practices
11.2.2 Source Control
11.2.3 Conveyance Control
11.2.3.1 Model Selection
11.2.3.2 Existing System Modeling and Analysis
11.2.3.3 Future System Modeling and Analysis
11.2.4 End-of-Pipe Control
11.2.5 Infrastructure Upgrades
11.2.6 Stream Restoration
11.3 Description of Evaluation Criteria
11.4 Class EA Evaluation and Prioritization
11.5 Selection of Preferred Strategy
12 DESCRIPTION OF THE RECOMMENDED STORMWATER STRATEGY
12.1 General
12.2 Source Control Measures
12.3 Conveyance Control Measures
12.4 End-of-Pipe Measures
12.5 Stream Restoration Measures
12.6 Conclusions
13 IMPLEMENTATION
13.1 General
13.2 Overview
13.3 Pollution Prevention and Municipal Management/Operational Practices
13.4 Source Controls
13.4.1 Key Next Steps
13.4.2 Future Study Requirements
13.4.3 Policy/ Standards Considerations
13.4.4 Facilitators and Contributors
13.4.5 Costs
13.4.6 Funding Considerations
13.4.7 Operation and Maintenance Considerations
13.4.8 Integration with Other Document and Studies
13.4.9 Prioritization of Works
13.5 Conveyance Controls
13.5.1 Key Next Steps
13.5.2 Future Study Requirements
13.5.3 Policy/ Standards Considerations
13.5.4 Funding Considerations
13.5.5 Costs
13.5.6 Operation and Maintenance Considerations
13.5.7 Integration with Other Documents/Studies
13.5.8 Prioritization of works
13.6 End-of-Pipe Controls
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13.6.1 Key Next Steps
13.6.2 Future Study Requirements
13.6.3 Policy/ Standards Considerations
13.6.4 Funding Considerations
13.6.5 Costs
13.6.6 Operation and Maintenance Considerations
13.6.7 Integration with Other Documents/Studies
13.6.8 Prioritization of Works
13.7 Infrastructure
13.7.1 Key Next Steps
13.7.2 Future Study Requirements
13.7.3 Policy/ Standards Considerations
13.7.4 Funding Considerations
13.7.5 Costs
13.7.6 Operation and Maintenance Considerations
13.7.7 Integration with Other Documents/Studies
13.7.8 Prioritization of Works
13.8 Stream Restoration
13.8.1 Key Next Steps
13.8.2 Future Study Requirements
13.8.3 Policy/ Standards Considerations
13.8.4 Facilitators and Contributors
13.8.5 Funding Considerations
13.8.6 Costs
13.8.7 Operation and Maintenance Considerations
13.8.8 Integration with Other Documents/Studies
13.8.9 Prioritization of Works
13.9 Measures for Redevelopment and Infill-development
13.10 Climate Change
13.10.1 Observed and Predicted Climate Changes
13.10.2 Potential Climate Changes Impacts to Water Resources
13.10.3 Climate Changes Strategies for Infrastructure Management
13.10.4.1 Existing Infrastructure and Climate Change Adaptation
13.10.4.2 New Infrastructure and Climate Change Adaptation
13.11 Policy Development
13.12 Monitoring
13.12.1 SWM Database Requirements
13.12.2 SWM Audit Program Development
13.12.3 Infill and Redevelopment Monitoring Requirements
13.12.4 New Development Monitoring Requirements
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